中国的人为沙漠化因素对亚洲沙尘暴的贡献

以数值模拟与大规模网络观测的对比结果为基础,通过对“去除”已经沙化土地获得的近地面层粉尘浓度的进一步分析,结合已获得的亚洲沙尘暴各源区粉尘释放量结果,提出我国的人为沙漠化因素对亚洲沙尘暴的贡献约为6％的观点。     

季风指数及其年际变化Ⅱ.南海夏季风分量动能强度指数及其年际变化

计算了各年南海夏季风建立前后流场的场相似度、场比幅、季风分量动能强度指数和突变度.指出按变差度最大或相似度绝对值最小及其变化最陡以及比幅最小,可客观定量地定出季风来临的预兆日期,在大多年份该日期比用天气气候学方法得到的季风来临(爆发)日期要早些,且两者有较好正相关.绝大多数年份季风建立时有环流突变发生,但也有少数年份呈调和变化或二次突变.季风分量动能强度指数能够反映各年南海夏季风建立后的强度.最后分析指出,南海850hPa夏季风的前兆日期,突变度和强度指数都有明显的年际和年代际变化.     

高云与高层垂直速度关系的个例研究Ⅱ.动力学分析

观测表明,高云的夏季块状分布和冬季带状分布,与低层赤道辐合带的夏季与冬季的形状十分相似;并且卷云和卷层云可以独立于深对流单独存在.作者对这两个观测分析结果进行动力学分析,结论如下:1)由于印度洋北面是青藏高原与亚洲大陆,夏季不能在北面副热带地区形成反气旋,从而印度洋赤道北面为西南气流,导致了赤道辐合带在该地区断裂并且相应的深对流在亚洲季风区的块状分布.2)利用斜压超长波理论,将Rodwell等的亚洲季风单向模型(即非绝热加热导致季风形成)作了修改,扩展为双向闭合模型.印度洋跨赤道偏南风产生大范围水汽辐合,其与地形的共同作用,产生了降水云系的高层加热,由于Sverdrup涡度平衡关系,导致了低层的偏南风而形成了一个相互作用的闭合过程,从而表明了亚洲夏季风是准定常的.3)通过详细分析涡度方程,证明除了恰好在赤道上之外,赤道辐合带上的水平辐合均会产生涡,并且这些涡由点涡(涡度的奇异部分)与各种尺度的涡(涡度的正则部分)组成.正涡度对应于云区,负涡度对应于晴空区,与赤道辐合带(ITCZ)的观测结果一致.4)由于辐合和切变产生涡,得到赤道辐合带和深对流的带状准定常维持的动力机制,即:由于赤道辐合带的辐合,其南北风辐合与东西风切变将产生涡,其与水汽的共同作用产生了深对流的上升降水云系,而降水云系的潜热诱导上升,进一步加强了水平辐合,从而表明了赤道辐合带的带状准定常维持的中介是不同尺度的涡.5)卷云和卷层云可以独立于深对流的原因是热带卷云和卷层云与流场是可以互相激发的,深对流不是其唯一的源.     

一次引发南亚大暴雨的季风低压结构、涡度与水汽收支分析

对2003年夏季风期间,7月24～28日印度季风槽内季风低压发展西移与阿拉伯海中尺度低压合并引发南亚的一次大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,探讨了印度季风槽、季风低压的三维结构以及低压区域的涡度、水汽收支.揭示和确认了一些事实:1)印度季风槽区对流层中下层存在明显的风场切变,槽区高温高湿,为单一性质的热带气团,低层为对流不稳定,槽区对应正涡度区;2)季风低压是一较深厚系统.动力结构为低层正涡度,高层负涡度,低层辐合,高层辐散.其西移速度约500 km·d.季风低压北侧整层为深厚的东风,南侧在对流层中低层为西风,在高层为东风.热力结构在低层(700～800 hPa)间存在弱冷区,而中高层几乎为暖心结构.低压对应高湿区,低压中心西侧整层为相对湿度大值区;3)季风低压的发展过程中,低层的辐合场制造正涡度,促进低压的发展;4)低压区水汽强烈辐合,西边界输入量最大.在此研究工作的基础上,作者还比较了夏季风期间南亚印度季风槽和东亚梅雨锋系统的异同.     

An analysis of the causes of decadal variations of rainfall in Shandong in summer

The precipitation in Shandong in July, August as well as the whole summer (JJA) and the corresponding 500hPa geopotential height fields are analyzed by means of the SVD (singular value decomposition) methodology. It is found that the general circulations in East Asia and the Western Pacific underwent decadal changes around 1979. The geopotential height, in particular over key areas like the South China Sea and the Philippines, increased after 1979. Corresponding to the changes in the geopotential height, the rainfall in Shandong started to decrease around 1979. The synthesized analysis shows that when the geopotential height at 500hPa level decreases in the key areas, the Western Pacific subtropical high shifts northward and an anticyclonic anomalous cell enforces the southerly flow over Shandong-Korea-Japan, Shandong could experience a wet period. A dry period is likely to occur when the geopotential height increases in these key areas, the subtropical high moves southward or expands westward to a great distance, and a cyclonic anomalous cell controls Shandong. Respective conceptual models for the causative mechanism are obtained for the cases of July, August and the whole summer (JJA).     

East Asia winter monsoon variations on a millennial time‐scale before the last glacial–interglacial cycle

Grain size and magnetic susceptibility measurements on samples from a typical loess–palaeosol sequence on the central Chinese Loess Plateau are used to reconstruct the Pleistocene East Asian monsoon climate. The coarse‐grained fraction, i.e. the weight percentage > 30 μm of the bulk grain‐size distribution, is used as a sensitive proxy index of the East Asia winter monsoon strength. On the basis of an absolute time‐scale, time‐series variations of this proxy show that winter monsoon strengths varied on millennial time‐scales during the periods 145–165, 240–280, 320–350, 390–440, 600–640, 860–890, 900–930 and 1330–1400 kyr BP. The wavelength of these climatic oscillations varied between 1.89 and 4.0 kyr, as is shown by spectral analysis using the multitaper method. Although numerical simulation experiments show that high frequencies also can arise from measurement errors in the grain‐size analysis, the frequencies prove to be sufficiently stable when the spectral analysis is repeated with a different number of tapers. For the time being, we do not correlate these climatic oscillations with palaeoclimatic records in the North Atlantic deep‐sea sediments because both time‐scales need to be further improved. Our data, however, certainly demonstrate that millennial‐scale East Asian winter monsoon variations in the last 1.4 million years can be detected from terrestrial loess records. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sedimentology,palaeoecology and geochronology of Last Interglacial deposits from Deeping St James,Lincolnshire, England

Pollen, plant macrofossil, molluscan and coleopteran data from organic muds below the low terrace of the River Welland at Deeping St James, Lincolnshire indicate deposition in the mixed oak forest phase of a Late Pleistocene interglacial. Coleopteran and molluscan data suggest summer temperatures up to 4°C warmer than at present in eastern England, and plant macrofossil material suggests a climate more continental than that of Britain in the Holocene. No direct analogue of this biota, however, exists currently in Europe. Biostratigraphical indications from the pollen coleoptera and Mollusca suggest an age in the Ipswichian Interglacial. Thermoluminescence dates between 120 ka and 75 ka and amino-acid ratios with a mean of 0.11 show that deposition of the sediments took place during Oxygen Isotope Stage 5. This accurate dating of a partial Ipswichian succession allows discussion of the ages of a number of other interglacial sites in eastern England of assumed Ipswichian age. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于年际增量法的卷积神经网络模型对中国夏季降水的预测研究

将前冬的500 hPa位势高度、向外长波辐射和海表温度的年际增量作为预测因子,建立基于卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network, CNN)的非线性预测模型,对中国160个测站夏季降水展开预测研究,并与基于线性奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition, SVD)的预测模型进行效果对比。结果表明：CNN在1981—2020年的交叉检验中所回报的降水平均PS评分和距平相关系数(ACC)分别为74.33和0.12,比SVD高2.15和0.06,说明CNN比SVD在整体上对夏季降水具有更好的预测能力。其中,CNN对SVD预测较好年份的预测效果提升较为明显,对SVD预测较差的年份则改进不大。CNN对中国降水预测存在一定的系统性偏差,订正后CNN对拉尼娜年的降水预测改进较大。结果表明,基于年际增量法的CNN预测模型展示出较好的潜在应用价值。     

夏季季风转换期间南沙群岛海域的温盐分布特征

应用2002年5月9-22日南沙群岛海域的水文观测资料,分析了季风转换期间南沙群岛海域的水文状况,并对比了调查海域不同区域的温盐分布特征。结果表明,夏季风转换期间海洋表层温度较高,基本在30℃以上,垂直结构上温度层结比较稳定。东北一西南走向界线两侧海域的温盐状况有明显的差异：西北部海域温度较高,垂向上有逆盐层现象;东南部海域温度相对较低,盐度的垂向结构上显示有双跃层现象,两海区水文特征的差异与季风结构和局地环流有密切的关系。从连续站温盐的时空剖面图可以看到,跃层以下,不规则的半日周期内潮对温盐分布有显著的影响。     

太平洋SSTA对中国东部夏季降水的影响II--数值模拟

基于观测分析的结果,采用NCARCCM3模式,设计4组7个数值试验,研究太平洋海表温度异常对中国东部夏季降水影响及其可能的物理过程。结果表明：数值模拟与观测分析所得的结果一致,前期冬季西北太平洋黑潮海区海温异常,引起亚洲中高纬和东亚东部地区大气环流异常,导致长江流域夏季降水异常;前期春季赤道中东太平洋海温异常,西太平洋副热带高压异常;同期夏季北太平洋中纬中太平洋海区海温异常,激发夏季EUP遥相关型,影响东部夏季降水。