纳入政府目标考核 建立有效工作机制——合肥市加强和创新防震减灾社会管理的有益尝试

介绍了合肥市创新防震减灾社会管理机制的基本做法,分析了其成效与不足,提出了进一步加强市县防震减灾社会管理的意见和建议。     

面向防震减灾的人口数据空间化研究——以2007年宁洱地震灾区为例

入口是地震灾害的重要受灾体,准确的入口空问分布信息是防震减灾工作的重要依据.本文借助地理信息系统,将人口统计数据与高分辨率遥感数据相结合,应用基于居民地的人口数据空间化方法,模拟人口空间分布.首先根据城市人口—面积异速生长模型的分形几何意义,推导出城乡人口一面积统一模型;进而以2007年宁洱地震灾区为例,在建立居民地分类体系和遥感解译标志的基础上,目视解译获得准确的居民地信息;最后应用城乡人口—面积统一模型获得网格人口密度矢量数据.经检验,本文的结果达到了较高的精度.同时在人口数据空间化完成的基础上,以地震受灾人口估算为例,探讨了人口数据空间化在防震减灾中的应用.研究结果表明,基于网格人口矢量数据的受灾人口估算结果更能客观反映地震灾情,可以为防震减灾和应急救援工作提供可靠的依据.     

浅谈地震灾害符号体系构建的理论框架

地震灾害符号的研究已经成为地震应急工作的一项重要内容,本文借助于符号学及传播学的方法论,在分析地震灾害符号的符号学内涵、使用人群和传播内容的基础上,探讨了地震灾害符号体系的特点及构建原则。地震本身的特殊性和破坏性决定了地震灾害符号体系的特殊性和时间性,本文在遵循实用性、主次性及概括性三个原则的前提下,提出了一套地震灾害符号体系构建的理论框架,可为地震灾害符号体系的构建和深入研究提供参考。     

网络地震灾情信息智能处理模型与地震烈度判定方法研究

破坏性地震发生之后,丰富的地震灾情信息和准确的地震烈度图是地震应急救援工作的基础。伴随着互联网的迅速发展,互联网已经成为地震灾情信息获取的一种重要渠道。本文通过构建网络地震灾情信息智能处理模型,将互联网上非结构化的灾情信息转化成结构化的灾情信息。并将网络地震灾情信息与地震烈度相结合,进行地震烈度判定,从而对地震应急期的烈度快速评定结果进行修正拟合。     

基于TM遥感数据的汶川地震极重灾区生态恢复研究

本文以地震极重灾区2006、2008和2011年3期Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源,利用GIS提取灾区土地利用信息,结合坡度和高程等地形因子对灾区主要生态系统面积的变化进行综合分析.结果表明:2008年地震对灾区生态环境造成严重破坏,使研究区农田、森林和草地生态系统分别减少了124.6km2、461.6km2和9...     

区域网GPS观测得到的汶川大地震前后的地壳垂直运动

中国地壳运动观测网络1000个观测站的GPS非连续观测区域网分别在1999年、 2001年、 2004年、 2007年和2009年作了5次观测。 2008年5月12日汶川8.0 级地震震中(31.0°N, 103.4°E)恰好在区域网GPS观测站密集的地区。 区域网长期、 多期GPS观测可降低年周期变化影响, 有利于获取此次地震前后的垂直位移趋势变化。 简要讨论了GPS垂直位移观测的精度。 分析了垂直位移观测的主要干扰地面沉降, 特别是华北地区因大量抽取地下水产生的严重地面沉降。 为获取汶川地震前垂直运动信息, 首先剔除因大量抽取地下水产生的大幅度沉降干扰结果, 通过趋势面分析中国大陆垂直位移空间分布, 显示了3个垂直位移沉降最显著区域。 对比分析表明, 临近汶川震区的沉降区, 未见大量抽取地下水干扰影响。 汶川地震前1999—2007年区域网GPS观测站得到的垂直位移表明, 汶川地震紧临显著沉降区的西北侧, 龙门山断层北段垂直运动闭锁。 该沉降区与另两个沉降区的时空变化明显不同, 也与区域网水平应变异常区的空间分布不同, 但该沉降区与区域网水平应变异常区同时出现。 大幅度同震垂直位移集中在龙门山断层北段震前垂直位移闭锁区。 这些事实表明, 汶川地震前GPS观测到的紧临震中的沉降区及垂直运动闭锁区与汶川地震的发生存在密切关系。     

基于ArcGIS Server的地震应急数据与服务共享研究

ArcGIS Server是基于Web Service用来发布企业级GIS应用程序的综合平台。 本文以地震应急数据与服务共享为研究目标, 分析了ArcGIS Server的体系架构和几种常用共享模式的特点, 提出了基于Web Service和ArcGIS Server的共享模式, 详细阐述了地震应急数据与服务共享的理论方法和系统架构, 实现了基于ArcGIS Server开发地震应急信息共享的原型系统。     

A Neogene giant landslide in Tarapacá, northern Chile: A signal of instability of the westernmost Altiplano and palaeoseismicity effects

Giant landslides, which usually have volumes up to several tens of km³, tend to be related to mountainous reliefs such as fault scarps or thrust fronts. The western flank of the Precordillera in southern Peru and northern Chile is characterized by the presence of such mega-landslides. A good example is the Latagualla Landslide (19°15′S), composed of ~ 5.4 km³ of Miocene ignimbritic rock blocks located next to the Moquella Flexure, a structure resulting from the propagation of a west-vergent thrust blind fault that borders the Precordillera of the Central Depression. The landslide mass is very well preserved, allowing reconstitution of its movement and evolution in three main stages. The geomorphology of the landslide indicates that it preceded the incision of the present-day valleys during the late Miocene. Given the local geomorphological conditions 8–9 Ma ago (morphology, slopes and probably a high water table), large-magnitude earthquakes could have provided destabilization forces enough to cause the landslide. On the other hand, present seismic forces would not be sufficient to trigger such landslides; therefore the hazard related to them in the region is low.     

Strain accumulation along an oblique plate boundary: the Reykjanes Peninsula, southwest Iceland

We use annual GPS observations on the Reykjanes Peninsula (RP) from 2000 to 2006 to generate maps of surface velocities and strain rates across the active plate boundary. We find that the surface deformation on the RP is consistent with oblique plate boundary motion on a regional scale, although considerable temporal and spatial strain rate variations are observed within the plate boundary zone. A small, but consistent increase in eastward velocity is observed at several stations on the southern part of the peninsula, compared to the 1993–1998 time period. The 2000–2006 velocities can be modelled by approximating the plate boundary as a series of vertical dislocations with left-lateral motion and opening. For the RP plate boundary we estimate left-lateral motion  18⁺⁴₋₃ mm yr⁻¹  and opening of  7⁺³₋₂ mm yr⁻¹  below a locking depth of  7⁺¹₋₂ km  . The resulting deep motion of  20⁺⁴₋₃ mm yr⁻¹  in the direction of  N(100⁺⁸₋₆)°E  agrees well with the predicted relative North America–Eurasia rate. We calculate the areal and shear strain rates using velocities from two periods: 1993–1998 and 2000–2006. The deep motion along the plate boundary results in left-lateral shear strain rates, which are perturbed by shallow deformation due to the 1994–1998 inflation and elevated seismicity in the Hengill–Hrómundartindur volcanic system, geothermal fluid extraction at the Svartsengi power plant, and possibly earthquake activity on the central part of the peninsula.     

On the use of satellite altimetry to infer the earthquake rupture characteristics: application to the 2004 Sumatra event

Standard data and methods, such as the inversion of seismic and GPS data, have been used extensively to infer the details of the 2004 December 26 earthquake. The unprecedented large size of this event gave the opportunity to modern altimeters to provide the first clear records of a tsunami in deep ocean, therefore allowing us to study the rupture history from an independent perspective. We invert the Jason-1 and Topex–Poseidon altimetry records, considering the new constraints available on the geometry of the fault plane, and taking them into account in a 3-D rupture model. The data are corrected for the non-negligible effect of satellite motion during measurements. Our results show that the rupture propagated over the 1500 km of subduction zone initially identified by the aftershock distribution, with a magnitude of   M _w= 9.1  . Our solution compares well with the latitudinal distribution of slip inferred from other data sets, with a maximum of energy release north of Sumatra, and two other slip patches near the Nicobar and Andaman islands. Based on waveform comparison, we assert that the shallow portion of the megathrust offshore Banda Aceh had slip amplitudes of more than 20 m. Also, we find that significant amounts of slip (about 10 m) concentrated below the Andaman islands and did not propagate on the shallow portion of the interface. Although synthetic tests tend to show less resolution in the northern part of the rupture, this solution is compatible with the near-field data (GPS, coral heads and imagery), and would allow one to explain the apparent paradox between the large local displacements and the moderate tsunami observed locally. Finally, we demonstrate the rapidly dominating effect of propagation and slip distribution over the rupture velocity, and how it precludes the direct estimate of this latter parameter.