The Advances and Prospects of Research on Earthquake Engineering at IEM

This paper describes briefly the recent advances and acievements of the research projects conducted by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM) in the period of the Ninth Five-Year Plan(1995-2000) with the support of the China Seismological Bureau(CSB),These projects are related with key problems in the field of earthquake engineering.They are:development of the methods for determining earthquake resistant design load level,study on mechanisms of earthquake damage to buildings.development of new technology of base isolation,and study on earthquake damage prediction and seismic losss assessment methods.Through these studies,quite a number of problems have een solved and some of them have een applied in earthquake engineering design and practice.     

青藏块体东北缘跨断层形变典型震例总结与预测判据指标分析

针对青藏块体东北缘跨断层监测区及周边发生的5.8级以上地震, 结合以往研究结果, 对跨断层资料进行了重新梳理, 重点分析了1995年永登5.8级、 2000年景泰5.9级、 2003年民乐—山丹6.1级和2013年岷县漳县6.6级地震前出现的跨断层形变异常。 结果表明: 这4次典型地震前出现的跨断层异常数量较多, 为13~23项不等; 分布范围较广, 震中距在600 km范围内, 相对集中出现在300 km左右范围内, 也有近震区异常; 异常特征以逆断加速、 趋势转折、 活动加剧、 突跳、 大幅变化等为主; 震前2~3年或稍长时间开始出现异常, 震前半年至1年半时段异常集中出现, 具有中期背景或短期前兆意义, 异常空间分布有向震中区汇聚迁移的特征。     

南北地震带强震迁移特征及其预测意义

在分析南北构造带构造体系的基础上，研究了该带强震的时空动态图象演化，结果表明，南北带的地震活动有如下特征：（１）经向迁移，其空间演化有步进型和步进折返型两种形态；（２）远程的快速响应；（３）诱发地震的链锁分布，该特征反映了强震间的相互耦合，对未来强震具有示踪意义，（４）时空可公度性，该结果对分析判定本带的地震趋势从而实现正确的预测具有实际意义。     

地下水测年方法及其在地震监测中的应用展望

对地下水动力学特征的观测与研究,是地震前兆监测的重要方法之一。地下水动力学研究中,利用地下水测年方法,可以对地下水的补给、径流特征及更新能力作出定性和定量的分析。本文介绍了近年来国际上常用的地下水测年方法,总结了前人在该领域的主要研究进展,重点分析了地下水更新能力与地震前兆信息的关系、地下水运动规律与地震构造活动的关系以及地下水浅层补给与异常干扰排除的方法等。已有的研究成果表明,地下水年龄的测定与分析方法对于了解监测点映震能力、评价构造活动与地震活动程度,以及在观测资料异常变化的现场核实等方面,可以发挥重要作用。     

华北地区地震和深部构造关系及其破裂机制探讨

华北地区的地震活动格外活跃,其地壳深部构造的独特性决定了其地震活动性.多条地学断面和地震剖面等地球物理研究表明,华北地区的地震带(即活动构造带)一般均存在低速体或上地幔上隆;华北强震区的地球物理详细勘测发现,强震区也都存在低速体或上地幔上隆.应用应力摩尔圆和库伦破裂准则,利用上涌模型和地壳减薄模型研究地壳岩石破裂机制,结果表明,存在上地慢上隆和低速体的地区的地壳岩石比其它地区更易于发生破裂.华北地区的地壳深部构造决定了地震的空间分布格局.     

芦山MS7.0级地震余震序列重新定位及构造意义

利用四川省地震台网的震相数据和双差定位方法对芦山M_S7.0级地震及其余震序列进行了精确定位,根据余震分布确定了发震断层的位置和断层面的几何特征,并对余震活动进行了分析.结果显示,芦山M_S7.0级地震的震中位于30.28°N、102.99°E,震源深度为16.33 km.余震沿发震断层向主震两侧延伸,主要分布在长约32 km、宽约15~20 km、深度为5~24 km的范围内.地震破裂带朝西南方向扩展范围较大,东北方向略小,余震震级随时间迅速衰减.震源深度剖面清晰地显示出发震断层的逆冲破裂特征,推测发震断层为大川—双石断裂东侧约10 km的隐伏断层.该断层走向217°、倾向北西,倾角约45°,产状与大川—双石断裂相比略缓,它们同属龙门山前山断裂带的叠瓦状逆冲断层系.受发震断裂影响,部分余震沿大川—双石断裂分布,西北方向的余震延伸至宝兴杂岩体的东南缘,与汶川地震的破裂带之间存在50 km左右的地震空区,有可能成为未来发生强震的潜在危险区.     

库尔勒台DSQ水管倾斜仪和SQ-70石英倾斜仪观测资料对比分析

从DSQ水管倾斜仪、SQ-70石英水平摆倾斜仪的原理出发,结合实际观测,对库尔勒地震台两套倾斜仪器所记录的资料进行对比分析。通过地倾斜的趋势分析及合成矢量分析,表明两套仪器的观测结果是基本一致的,能够较好地反映监测区域大地倾斜的变化特征。两套倾斜仪潮汐分析结果与监测场的局部构造环境是一致的,但水管倾斜仪的观测精度明显高于水平摆倾斜仪。     

Influence of the ground profile on the reduction of earthquake motion at the filled man-made islands in the Kobe harbor during the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu earthquake

During the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu earthquake in Kobe, the ground motion at the filled man-made islands in the Kobe harbor was not as severe as that at the mainland. The building damage was also less compared to that on the mainland. It was found by comparative study of earthquake records that the magnitude of acceleration response on the ground surface decreases at the islands as opposed to the mainland. One dimensional effective stress analysis is adopted in this study. Input data has been generated from test results, e.g. the SPT N-value by standard penetration test and shear wave velocity V_s by PS logging. Results obtained by the analyses showed good agreement with the observed records, which is an indication of the suitability of the adopted analysis procedure. From this study, the followings are concluded. By the increase of SPT N-value of the filled layers, liquefaction near ground surface is restrained and damage modes such as ejection of water and soil can be prevented. Since the ground profile at the islands is that considerably soft filled layer and marine clay layers, etc. are present and the thickness of the surface layer is large, the initial natural period of the ground is above 1 s and the natural period is elongated further under the earthquake excitation, which is deemed to be the principal reason for the reduction of the earthquake motion at the ground surface.     

Numerical simulation of ground flow caused by seismic liquefaction

Flow failure of sandy subsoil induced by seismic liquefaction is known to cause significant damage to structures. It is induced not only by the dynamic forces exerted by seismic acceleration but also by the static gravity force in consequence of the topography of the ground. The ground flow may sometimes continue after the end of the seismic loading and finally the ground is significantly deformed to cause a failure.This paper numerically predicts the magnitude of flow that could occur when soil liquefaction continues for a sufficiently long period. It is considered that liquefied soil behaves like a viscous liquid, and hence, ground flow is governed by the principle of minimum potential energy. In the calculation, liquefied sand is assumed to be a viscous liquid that deforms in undrained conditions with its volume remaining constant. To consider the non-linearity due to large displacement, the updated Lagrangian method is used to solve the equation of motion. The Newmark β method is employed to calculate the time history of the ground motion. Finally, a simulation using this calculation method shows that the proposed method gives reasonable results for the conditions indicated.     

中国地壳运动观测网络在地球科学研究中的应用前景

简要地介绍了中国地壳运动观测网络的概况和目前的进展,论述了地壳运动观测网络在地球科学研究中的重要作用和应用前景。其应用潜力主要体现在:①在中国地壳运动监测研究中发挥重要作用,成为中国地震预测预报研究的重要基础;②为地球动力学研究提供重要的依据;③建立维持ITRF地球参考框架、研究地球自转、极移和章动及变化;④精化、加密全国大地网和大地水准面;⑤在气象学中的应用;⑥研究电离层电子浓度及其变化规律;⑦提供精密近实时的GPS轨道参数;⑧为广域差分定位奠定基础。