Anomalous Gadolinium,Cerium, and Yttrium Contents in the Adige and Isarco River Waters and in the Water of Their Tributaries (Provinces Trento and Bolzano/Bozen,NE Italy)

Rare earth patterns of surface and groundwaters near big cities often show anthropogenic Gd (Gd_ant) anomalies in addition to geogenic Ce and Y anomalies. The Gd_ant anomaly is caused by very stable organic complexes, one of which is gadopentetic acid, Gd‐DTPA. Derivatives of this and similar compounds are used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human blood system. The organic Gd complexes are stable enough to pass nearly unaffected through sewage treatment plants and are, thereafter, discharged into surface water systems. Water of the rapidly flowing Isarco/Eisack and Adige/Etsch rivers (Provinces of Trento and Bolzano/Bozen, NE Italy) and their tributaries show remarkable variations in anthropogenic Gd contents (Gd_ant). Low Gd_ant values are found on Monday and Tuesday, whereas high values are observed during the remaining weekdays. Reliable Gd_ant balances are calculated for the river system at the confluence of the Adige and its tributaries. At two places local decrease of Gd_ant indicates exfiltration of groundwater. It is demonstrated that Gd_ant can be used as a reliably conservative tracer to study the water budget in rapidly flowing alpine river systems. The studied different river waters show considerable negative Ce and positive Y anomalies. Negative Ce anomalies are caused by scavenging of Ce(III) by FeO(OH) precipitates and subsequent oxidation to CeO₂. Y anomalies are attributed to less sorption of Y than REE onto particulate matter. Thus, Y moves faster than REE. Both, Ce and Y anomalies, are of geogenic origin.     

Characterisation of the 1997 Vulcanian explosions of Soufrière Hills Volcano,Montserrat, by video analysis

The activity of Convention at Montserrat Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, during the period 1995–1999 included numerous violent explosions. Two major cycles of Vulcanian explosions occurred in 1997: a first of 13 explosions between 4 and 12 August and a second of 75 between 22 September and 21 October. The explosions were short-lived events lasting a few tens of seconds during which partial fountain collapse generated pyroclastic surges and pyroclastic flows, and buoyant plumes ascended 3–15 km into the atmosphere. Each explosion discharged on average 3×10⁵ m³ (dense-rock equivalent, DRE) of magma, draining the conduit to depths of 1–2 km. The paper focuses on the first few seconds of three explosions of the 75 that occurred in September/October 1997: 6 October 1997 at 17:50, 7 October 1997 at 16:02 and 9 October 1997 at 12:32. Physical parameters such as exit velocities, magmatic water contents and magma pressures at fragmentation are estimated by following and modelling the ascent of individual momentum-dominated finger jets visible on videos during the initial stages of each explosion. The model treats each finger jet as an incompressible flow sustained by a steady flux of gas and particles during the few seconds of ascent, and produces results that compare favourably with those using a multiphase compressible code run using similar eruptive parameters. Each explosion reveals a progressive increase in eruptive intensity with time, jet exit velocities increasing from 40 m s^–1 at the beginning of the explosion up to 140 m s^–1 after a few seconds. Modelling suggests that the first magma to exit was largely degassed, whereas that discharged after a few seconds contained up to 2 wt% water. Magma overpressures up to ~10 MPa are estimated to have existed in the conduit immediately prior to each explosion. Progressive increases in jet exit velocity with time over the first few seconds of each explosion provide direct evidence for strong pre-eruptive gradients in water content and magma pressure in the upper reaches (probably 100–500 m) of the conduit. Fountain collapse occurred during the first 10–20 s of each explosion because the discharging jets had bulk densities up to 100 times that of the atmosphere and were unable to entrain enough air to become buoyant. Such high eruptive densities were due to the presence of partially degassed magma in the conduit.Editorial responsibility: A. Woods     

地震波研究://car

回顾了近4年来中国地球物理学家在地震波研究方面取得的主要进展. 分别简要地讨论了层状均匀介质、横向不均匀介质和多孔介质中的地震波传播,地震面波及波形反演,以及地震勘探、测井问题中的地震波研究方面取得的新成果. 指出当前地震波研究的重要课题是发展高效的数值方法,并利用该方法开展复杂介质中的地震波激发和传播,以及强地面运动的研究,为精细的地震危险分析与预测奠定基础.     

根据波速-压力关系评价岩石岩性、物性的实验研究

本文在实验室里对老爷庙油田馆陶组（Ng）油气贮层砂岩岩芯的孔隙度φ、空气渗透率κ、骨架密度ρ_ma、岩石密度ρ_b和不同有效覆盖压力△P下岩芯的声波时差△t,做了精确测量,用回归分析拟合了φ-K、φ-ρ_b、φ-△t和V-△p（△t-△p）的经验关系式;保持原始孔隙结构不变的前提下,在岩芯饱和各种矿化度的孔隙流体时测定了声波时差△t与孔隙度φ的关系.研究结果表明,当贮层的φ-K、φ-ρ_b和φ-△t相关时,可用声波时差△t或波速V解释贮层的岩性,并可反演求出贮层的φ、K和ρ_b;地层有效覆盖压力对贮层的孔隙度和波速具有明显的影响.根据V-△p曲线的变化规律,可以评价贮层的岩性和埋藏地质体的油、气储集能力.这些结果对油田地震勘探和石油测井资料的解释具有重要的参考价值,并为预测储油有利地区和评价贮层提供了一种新的途径.     

拓展国际合作的视野--出席第23届IUGG大会有感

第23届IUGG大会一个突出的特点就是学科间的交叉和融合，充分反映了新世纪地球科学以实现全球变化的预测为目标，进行多学科综合研究的发展趋势。文章从IUGG内部跨学科的合作研究，IUGG与国际科联(ICSU)各专业委员会之间的合作交流，以及IUGG与政府间组织和其他国际机构的合作三个层面，简要介绍了IUGG在全球范围内开展国际合作研究的概况。在此基础上，结合我国的实际，就拓展国际合作领域，提高我国地球科学研究水平，扩大我国的国际影响等提出了相应的建议。     

玛尼7.9级地震对昆仑山口西8.1级地震的触发作用及动力背景初探

根据库仑静应力变化的概念，对青藏块体中部地区1997年11月8日玛尼7．9级地震及2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8．1级地震的应力触发作用进行了初步研究。不同震源机制解计算结果表明，玛尼地震造成了昆仑地震断层面上10^-3MPa量级的库仑应力增量，该变化仅使得昆仑地震的发生提前了最长10年左右，表明当前地壳应变能水平可能并不很低。对照20世纪初以来全球7级以上强震频度和强度演化特征与地球自转变化的关系，认为地球自转幅度衰减、变化频率升高是近期强震活动的重要控制因素。昆仑山口西8．1级地震的发生，可能是地球自转持续加速阶段后期，青藏块体内部区域应力场逐渐强化，及玛尼地震应力触发的结果。     

淮安市典型土动力特性的试验研究

通过对淮安市典型的全新世沉积粉土和粘性土进行室内自振柱试验及粉土的动三轴液化试验，把粉土和粘性土的自振柱试验结果与Seed和Idriss建议的砂土及饱和粘土的剪切模量比G／Gmax-γ曲线和阻尼比λ-γ曲线的变化范围进行对比，结果表明：粉土的剪模量比要比饱和粘土的大，而比砂土的剪模量比要小，其阻尼比接近于砂土的阻尼比；粘性土的剪模量比要比一般饱和粘土的大，而与砂土的剪模量比相近，其阻尼比要比砂土的略低；粉土的抗液化强度与液化振次之间的关系可以用指数函数来表示，其振动孔隙水压力的发展规律可以用反正弦三角函数拟合；粘粒含量是影响淮安市全新世沉积粉土抗液化强度的主要影响因素。     

一种新的卫星热红外遥感信息数据源:EOS/MODIS数据

概略介绍了四川省地震局近年来所开展的卫星遥感热红外辐射信息用于地震监测预报的研究工作及其进展；对目前地震系统卫星遥感热红外辐射信息研究工作所使用的数据源进行了比较；着重介绍了一种新的卫星热红外遥感信息数据源——搭载于美国地球观测系统(EOS)的Terra和Aqua极轨卫星上的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)这一唯一进行直接广播的对地观测仪器的基本参数及数据特性。对MODIS数据与目前正在使用的AVHRR数据进行对比分析后认为，EOS／MODIS数据的产生，将进一步推动利用卫星热红外辐射资料研究强震前的热异常场的工作，并可望在我国地震监测预报实践中得到应用。     

高温高压下上地幔岩石电导率实验研究

为了建立具有普遍适用性的上地幔电性结构,本文利用Kawai-1000t压机和Solartron IS-1260阻抗/增益-相位分析仪,在4.0~14.0 GPa、873~1673 K的条件下,采用交流阻抗谱法（频率范围10^-1~10⁶Hz）测量了不含水的地幔岩电导率.实验结果显示,岩石的电导率随温度升高而大幅度的增大;在较大的温度范围内岩石的导电机制发生了变化,中低温时为小极化子导电,此时激活焓为0.94 eV （±0.13） eV,激活体积为0.11（±0.92） cm³·mol^-1,高温时为和镁空穴相关的离子导电,此时激活焓为1.6~3.17 eV,激活体积为6.75（±7.43） cm³·mol^-1;本次测量的电导率比低压下岩石的电导率要高,比矿物的电导率也要高.用本次的实验结果回归计算得到Fennoscandian地区的上地幔的一维电导率剖面,发现200 km以上本次实验计算的结果和大地电磁测深的电导率剖面吻合的比较好,在200 km以下本次实验得到的要比野外测量的电导率稍稍高一点,可能是因为实验过程中没有完全避免水的影响.本次的实验结果比用有效均匀介质方法计算得到的pyrolite矿物模型的电导率要高出两个数量级,这样的结果显示只用一种矿物的电导率或是几种矿物理论计算的结果有一定的不合理性.     

压力及流体对岩石孔隙结构与黏弹性的影响规律研究:理论模型及实验观测

地质成因和构造/热应力导致地壳岩石中的孔隙结构（裂隙和粒间孔）的变化.影响岩石黏弹性的因素包括压力、孔隙度、孔隙中包含的流体和孔隙几何形状等.相对于岩石中的硬孔隙,岩石黏弹性（衰减和频散）受软孔隙（裂隙）的影响更大.本文选取三块白云岩样本,进行了不同围压和流体条件下的超声波实验测量.利用CPEM（Cracks and Pores Effective Medium,裂隙和孔隙有效介质）模型获得了岩石高、低频极限的弹性模量,并通过Zener体（标准线性体）模型将CPEM模型拓展到全频带而得到CPEM-Zener模型,用该模型拟合岩石松弛和非松弛状态下的实验数据,本文得到平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度以及纵波速度和品质因子随频率的变化关系.结果表明,饱水岩石的平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度均高于饱油岩石,随着压差（围压和孔隙压力的差值）的增加,饱油岩石中的裂隙首先闭合.并且压差在70 MPa以内时,随着压差增大,岩石的平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度在饱水和饱油时的差值增大,此时流体类型对于岩石裂隙的影响越来越显著,此外,对饱水岩石,平均裂隙纵横比随压差增加而增大,这可能是由于岩石中纵横比较小的裂隙会随压差增大而逐渐趋于闭合.在饱水和饱油岩石中,裂隙孔隙度和裂隙密度都随着压差增加而减小.通过对裂隙密度和压差的关系进行指数拟合,本文获得压差趋于0时的裂隙密度,且裂隙密度随孔隙度增大而增大,增大速率随压差增加而降低.针对饱水和饱油的白云岩样本,CPEM-Zener模型预测的纵波频散随压差增大而减小,此变化趋势和实验测得的逆品质因子随压差的变化关系基本一致,由此进一步验证了模型的实用性.本研究对岩石的孔隙结构和黏弹性分析以及声波测井、地震勘探的现场应用有指导意义.