广义生态水利的内涵及其过程与维度

总结中国工程水利、环境水利、资源水利、生态水利发展沿革，分析国内外生态水利研究进展、发展趋势及其特点，指出生态水利是人类社会发展到生态文明时代水资源利用的一种新途径和方式，以尊重和维护生态环境为主旨，开发水利、发展经济，为人类社会可持续发展服务。阐述了广义生态水利的内涵、定义和发展模式及其过程和维度，并提出以下结论和观点：①生态水利将水资源和水循环调控作为重要生态要素，从流域生态系统能量交换、生物链接、结构平衡、循环转化全视角开展研究，探索既能满足人类社会需求，又能兼顾水生态系统健康和良性发展的生态水利措施和方法。②建立了水利工程"规划设计—建设管理—运行调度"全过程、全生命周期的工程安全和生态安全保障体系，特别是将生态调度纳入水利工程全"服役期"，其中"后坝工时代"实施全流域大尺度生态调度，是生态保护和恢复最有效的措施。③从"生态环境-社会经济-水循环调控"三个维度，在生态文明视野下的国土空间规划治理体系中，科学把控生态水利的空间定位，促进"三生空间"优化布局，保障"三生用水"合理配置，优化"三生关系"耦合协调，实现生态保护和高质量发展，推动生态水利事业创新发展。     

地震活动的分形特征及其对地震预测的意义

岩石破裂是一个自相似过程,地震作为地壳岩石破裂的结果,它在时间和空间上的分布具有分形结构。基于系统科学和分形几何学的观点,本文采用标度变换法和嵌入空间法,分别研究了唐山7.8级、海城7.3级和松潘7.2级地震前后地震活动时、空分布的分维数,同时分析了宁夏灵武5.5级震群和澜沧5.0级前震序列的时间分维随时间的变化特征。初步结果表明:大震后余震的分维数明显增大,无标度区范围减小,展示了震后地震活动随机干扰背景增强！前兆性地震序列的时间分维数相对偏低,有序性增加。此外,文中还研究了单轴压缩下岩石破裂声发射序列的分形特征,结果表明,声发射序列亦具有自相似性,在岩石破坏过程中,声发射序列的分线数随时间的变化不是单调的。最后,籍助于“耗散结构理论”的基本概念,简要地探讨了地震时间、空间分维与地震活动熵的关系。提出了地震时、空分维作为表征地震孕育系统演化过程的序参量之一,应用于地震预测的可能途径及需要进一步研究的若干问题。     

新疆近期两次地震序列的时间信息维特征

本文以新疆两次中强地震的余震序列为例,探讨地震序列不均勻时间分布的分形特征。对其信息维的测算表明,无标度区范围基本稳定,同一时间段内信息维数随震级下限的升高略有降低;而对相同震级下限的样本群而言,不同时段的信息维数具有一定的差异。通常是强余震活动结束之后的信息维数略高于强余震活动期间的信息维数。这一特点对大震后地震趋势的合理估计具有积极意义。     

低位数线阵CCD高精度非接触尺寸测量

从提高测量精度、增大测量范围、经济、实用的角度出发,本文分析了常用的两种线阵CCD非接触尺寸测量方式存在的问题,提出了“单眼”单端扫描测量方式,并设计出了适合测量应用的线阵CCD驱动电路和计算机通用接口。通过实验,证明此方法是行之有效的。     

地震学中的某些非线性现象的初步分析

本文对地震中的一些现象,如小震调制、共维时间、共维面积以及嵌套调制和混沌的预报尺度进行了初步的分析和探讨,对我们关于前兆的复杂性以及对地震预报的进一步认识有一定的参考价值。     

云南地区强震前时空强分维特征

本文以标度变换法、相关函数法、最小二乘法分别计算时间分维D_t、空间分维D_s、强度分维D_m(b值),系统清理了云南地区1976年以来6级以上强震前时空强分维的变化特征,表明强震前的降维现象是普遍存在的,但各次强震前的异常三要素又表现出复杂的多样性。结果还表明,强震前小震活动在时间分布上的明显不均匀性主要表现在强震孕育地区,而在空间分布上的明显不均匀性却主要表现在强震孕育的外围地区。     

A study on the characteristics of the information dimension D 1 of the temporal and spatial distributions of earthquakes in an active fault zone

The research of the information dimension (D ₁) in an active fault zone considers the contribution of each seismic event to information and reflects the characteristics of the temporal and spatial distributions of earthquakes from a new point of view, avoiding some short-comings of the research about the capacity dimension (D ₀). The results of calculation show that the information dimension of the temporal distribution in Xianshuihe active fault zone before Luhuo large earthquake isD ₁=0.1051. It is a consult creterion of large earthquakes in future in the fault zone. The information dimensions of the temporal distribution of the earthquakes in Anninghe active fault zone are respectivelyD ₁(t _N)=0.1363 (for the north section) andD ₁(t _S)=0.06710 (for the south section). The information dimensions of the spatial distribution are respectivelyD ₁(K _N)=1.053 (for the north section) andD ₁(K _S)=0.7758 (for the south section). The north section and the south section belong to two self-similar systems with different information dimensions respectively. The extent of the self-organization of seismic activity in the south section is higher than that in the north section. This is helpful for us to judge the major dangerous section in the key region of the seismic monitoring. The research about the information dimension of the temporal and the spatial distributions of earthquakes is significant for the exploration of active fault zones and seismic prediction. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 372–379, 1991. This paper is sponsored by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation. The English version is improved by Zhenwen An.     

标度变换法计算分维的研究：简单分形计算中基本问题的思考之一

用标度变换法计算分形维数时,即使对理想的自相似结构,公式N(ε)=ε~(-D)也不是对所有的测量标度ε都成立,仅在ε取α~n的特征尺度时才严格成立。这里α为分形集的相似比,而当ε→0时,该式可近似成立。分析有限嵌套自相似结构模型得到一系列重要的结论。双对数回归直线计算分维在理论上是不正确的,可用修正公式直接计算,但问题仍未解决。看来标度变换法能否有效地解决简单分形维数的计算,还要进一步研究。     

On the physical essence of the b value for AE of rock tests and natural earthquakes in terms of fracture mechanics

The problem of physical essence of theb value forAE of rock tests and natural earthquakes has been a controversial topic during the past two decades. In the present paper the order and energy of each microfracturing of the microcrack system existing in a rock specimen is discussed from the viewpoint of fracture mechanics, then the whole series ofAE and subsequently the value ofb are determined. The order of microfracturing depends on the parametersKei/Kci whereKei is the effective stress intensity factor of thei-th microcrack andKci is the fracture toughness in the site of thei-th crack. The energy of eachAE can be expressed asηi ∫ loili Gids whereG is the energy release rate of microcarck,loi andli are the original and final crack lengths respectively andηi is the emanating efficiency for thei-th crack. If we assume that the distribution density function of microcrack lengthl isp(l)=Bl−v whereB andγ are constants, then the expressionb=3γ/2 can be deduced. Hence, we have come to the conclusion that the value ofb mirrors essentially the “crack-system-configuration” of the material, which means the distribution of the sizes, shapes and orientations of microcracks over space as well as the distribution of the other relevant physical parameters such as fracture toughness, friction coefficient, etc. Our conclusion is somewhat similar in character to Mogi’s. He concluded thet the heterogeneity of the material plays the most important role in determining the value ofb. The term heterogeneity of course covers the idea of “crack-system-configuration, but we think that our view has a little bit deeper insight to the problem than that of Mogi. This subject is supported by Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.