Differences Between Mode I and Mode II Crack Propagation

Although mode I and mode II crack propagation show many similarities, in particular when analysed by linear elastic fracture mechanics, they differ significantly in the micro-structural behaviour. These differences, which are clearly noticeable in the fracture surface morphology, lead to fundamental differences in the macroscopic behaviour. Thus, mode II crack expansion under remote loading, appears to obey micro-structural scaling laws, implying that the dimensions of the process region stay essentially constant during crack expansion, rather than increasing with crack length. Therefore, expanding mode II cracks can almost reach the Rayleigh velocity, and actually also intersonic velocities. An expanding mode I crack, on the other hand, seems to obey continuum scaling laws, implying that the dimensions of the process region increase in proportion to crack length, leading to self-similar crack expansion at a velocity significantly below the Rayleigh speed and dependent on the remote load.     

Simulating coseismic deformation of quartz in the middle crust and fabric evolution during postseismic stress relaxation — An experimental study

Non-steady state deformation and annealing experiments on vein quartz are designed to simulate earthquake-driven episodic deformation in the middle crust. Three types of experiments were carried out using a modified Griggs-type solid medium deformation apparatus. All three start with high stress deformation at a temperature of 400 °C and a constant strain rate of 10^− 4 s^− 1 (type A), some are followed by annealing in the stability field of α-quartz for 14–15 h at zero nominal differential stress and temperatures of 800–1000 °C (type A + B), or by annealing for 15 h at 900 °C and at a residual stress (type A + C).The quartz samples reveal a very high strength > 2 GPa at a few percent of permanent strain. The microstructures after short-term high stress deformation (type A) record localized brittle and plastic deformation. Statisc annealing (type A + B) results in recrystallisation restricted to the highly damaged zones. The new grains aligned in strings and without crystallographic preferred orientation, indicate nucleation and growth. Annealing at non-hydrostatic conditions (type A + C) results in shear zones that also develop from deformation bands or cracks that formed during the preceding high stress deformation. In this case, however, the recrystallised zone is several grain diameters wide, the grains are elongate, and a marked crystallographic preferred orientation indicates flow by dislocation creep with dynamic recrystallisation. Quartz microstructures identical to those produced in type A + B experiments are observed in cores recovered from Long Valley Exploratory Well in the Quaternary Long Valley Caldera, California, with considerable seismic activity.The experiments demonstrate the behaviour of quartz at coseismic loading (type A) and subsequent static annealing (type A + B) or creep at decaying stress (type A + C) in the middle crust. The experimentally produced microfabrics allow to identify similar processes and conditions in exhumed rocks.     

克拉通盆地构造转折区中-新生界构造特征及其控藏意义——以鄂尔多斯盆地西南部镇泾地区延长组为例

基于三维地震、测井、岩矿测试等资料，分析了镇泾地区中生界断裂体系特征与成因，结合源岩热演化与储层物性反演结果，恢复了长8段油气成藏的动态演化过程，探讨了中生代以来构造活动对长8段油气成藏的影响作用。研究认为鄂尔多斯盆地内部镇泾构造转折区构造变形受盆地边缘影响明显，发育复杂断裂体系，构造特征及演化对油气藏的形成与分布有重要控制作用。结果表明：（1）中生界北西向、北东东向、近东西向3组断裂发育，平面上呈雁列式带状展布，剖面上为高陡产状且小断距错动。印支期北西向主断裂走滑明显，中、晚燕山期北东向断裂活动加强，喜山期北东东向次级断裂密度增大，并派生大量剪切裂隙。（2）长8段油藏经历了晚三叠世储集层、烃源岩层初始沉积形成，早白垩世初期少量低熟油近源充注形成岩性油藏，早白垩世末成熟油快速输导形成受断层及裂缝控制的构造-岩性油气藏，晚白垩世以来早期油藏调整等4个阶段。（3）印支运动控制了烃源岩及储层展布范围，I类北西向走滑断裂控制了镇泾地区中生界构造格局；中、晚燕山运动加速烃源岩热演化进程，并改善储层物性，II类断裂活动，为烃类输导提供垂向通道；喜山运动使先存中生界断裂活动，控制油气调整范围及油藏差异富集；其中北东东向II类张性或张扭性断裂导流性能好，是最为有效的富油断层。     

WINDOWS下实时气象资料接收及运行状态监视系统

气象资料接收的好坏,不可避免地影响到气象预报质量。该软件系统能实时动态监视气象资料的接收情况,及时获得资料的缺、迟、错等信息,及时补报,有利于提高资料的完整性及预报准确率。     

大比例尺卫片在土地利用动态变化监测中的应用——以黑龙江省阿城监测区为例

以黑龙江省阿城市为监测试验区,采用1:5万的TM假彩色合成图像,对该市土地利用现状进行解译调查,并与历史资料比较,对该市土地利用动态变化情况进行监测,同时对这种方法的可行性和该市地类变化情况以及监测结果进行了分析。     

应用遥感图像提取煤层自燃信息时必须考虑的几个影响因素

煤层自燃是中国北方煤田中普遍存在的灾害现象,它不但烧掉了大量的煤炭资源,而且还污染了环境。实践证明,利用遥感影像判别火区位置、圈定火区范围和对火区进行动态监测,及时为灭火工程提供信息,是一项经济和社会意义很大的工作。由于受多种因素的制约,不同地区、不同波段、不同时相、不同空间分辨率的遥感图像,其影像特征（含与煤层自燃有关的热异常影像特征）都有较大的差异,因而从图像上分析和提取地物的热红外辐射特征时,需要考虑遥感图像类型、成像时间、地形条件、气象条件和岩性特征等因素的影响。本文着重讨论了地表辐射温度与上述各项因素之间的关系。     

利用ARC/INFO进行三维地形模型的建立、处理和动态模拟

介绍了利用 ARC/ INFO建立三维地形模型的方法 ,以及利用其新版本的部分新功能处理三维地形模型、进行动态模拟的方法 ,与以往处理三维模型必须借助外部三维图形开发软件包的方法相比 ,具有高速、灵活、可视性强、支持强大分析功能等优点。形成的三维模型可随时与 ARC/ INFO的其它数据模型交换信息 ,与外部进程实时通讯 ,为使用者提供了二维分析工具所不能提供的信息 ,为开发视景仿真系统等与表面分析、立体显示有关的应用系统提供了强有力的支持。     

潜水不完整井取样保持氡值稳定的初探

水氡观测作为地震活动的一种前兆观测项目,由于受地下水动力条件的影响,会出现不稳定的因素。通过对潜水不完整井氡值变化规律的研究,运用地下水动力学原理,得出潜水不完整井在达到动态平衡状态时取样,可保持氡含量的相对稳定的结论。     

共和7.0级地震前地下流体前兆的动态演化特征

使用40个地下流体观测点的资料,对1990年4月26日青海省共和M_S7.0地震的前兆动态特征进行了系统研究.结果表明:(1)地震带内观测点的水氡趋势异常及水化、水位群体异常及频次异常与断层平均形变速率呈同步变化.地下流体群体异常频次的累加值曲线在地震前表现为指数加速变化图形.(2)震源外围240km范围内的水氡中短期趋势上升异常,表现为由震源逐渐向外围扩散的特点.在短临阶段各测点水氡的异常变化基本同步.(3)流体短临前兆出现明显的起伏加剧和层次现象,突出的表现是流量、断层气日变化在临震阶段出现3次加剧,且异常幅度一次高于一次.     

一种有效的结构动态参数识别方法

本文以优化算法中单纯形法为基础,提出了一种只有利用实测的结构模态部分信息识别其结构参数的方法。数值计算表明,该算法具有良好的精度和适用性。