煤矿积水采空区瞬变电磁法探测的附加效应

煤矿积水采空区由于其复杂性,在进行瞬变电磁法探测时,常常会产生一些附加效应。从理论、试验出发,研究了附加效应的特点及探测曲线特征,并根据这些特点对实际工程进行了分析、解释,圈定的积水采空区经钻探验证,效果良好。      

沉积结构面及其对岩体力学性质的影响

基于沉积结构面的成因类型,通过理论分析和实验研究,分析了沉积结构面的变形与破坏特征,研究了沉积结构面力学特征及其力学效应,提出了弱面型层理、层系或层系组界面和岩层面以及不整合面均为沉积构造弱面,这些弱面对沉积岩体力学性质产生重要的影响。分析了沉积岩体沿层面方向和垂直层面方向岩体力学性质的差异性。研究表明,垂直层面方向的纵波速度和弹性模量要比平行层面方向低;平行层面方向的抗拉强度要大于垂直层面方向;而平行层面方向的抗压强度与凝聚力小于垂直层面方向。沉积岩体易于产生垂直于结构面方向的张性破坏和沿结构面方向的剪切破坏,在采动影响下顶板岩体易于沿岩层层面产生离层破坏现象,这进一步揭示了沉积结构面变形与破坏机制。      

Improving a drought early warning model for an arid region using a soil-moisture index

This study modifies a drought early warning model for Jodhpur district of Rajasthan State in India. The model had employed only two variables derived from the daily rainfall data and estimated pearl millet yield in order to issue a drought early warning. In this study, the model is modified by including an additional variable derived from a soil-moisture index. The modified model explained up to 77.3 percent of the yield variation. When tested, the mean absolute percent error in the estimated yield was 13.7 percent in the case of the modified model as opposed to 18.5% in the case of the existing model. The soil-moisture index and other variables derived from the rainfall data could be potential candidates for developing drought early warning models for other arid regions.     

Diatom-inferred lake level from near-shore cores in a drainage lake from the Experimental Lakes Area,northwestern Ontario,Canada

We inferred late Holocene lake-level changes from a suite of near-shore gravity cores collected in Lake 239 (Rawson Lake), a headwater lake in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. Results were reproduced across all cores. A gravity core from the deep central basin was very similar to the near-shore cores with respect to trends in the percent abundance of the dominant diatom taxon, Cylcotella stelligera. The central basin, however, does not provide a sensitive site for reconstruction of lake-level changes because of the insensitivity of the diatom model at very high percentages of C. stelligera and other planktonic taxa. Quantitative estimates of lake level are based on a diatom-inferred depth model that was developed from surficial sediments collected along several depth transects in Lake 239. The lake-level reconstructions during the past ~3,000 years indicate that lake depth varied on average by ±2 m from present-day conditions, with maximum rises of ~3–4 m and maximum declines of ~3.5–5 m. The diatom-inferred depth record indicates several periods of persistent low levels during the nineteenth century, from ~900 to 1100 AD, and for extended periods prior to ~1,500 years ago. Periods of inferred high lake levels occurred from ~500 to 900 AD and ~1100 to 1650 AD. Our findings suggest that near-shore sediments from small drainage lakes in humid climates can be used to assess long-term fluctuations in lake level and water availability.     

Response analysis of a submarine cable under fault movement

Based on the performance of submarine cables in past earthquakes, an analytical method to determine cable performance under seabed fault movement is proposed in this paper. First, common types of earthquake damage to submarine cables are summarized, which include seabed displacement induced by fault movement, submarine landslides and seabed soil liquefaction, etc. The damage is similar to damage observed to buried pipelines following land earthquakes. The Hengchun earthquake of Dec. 26, 2006 is used as a case study. The M7.2 earthquake occurred in the South China Sea at 20:26 Beijing Time, and caused 14 international submarine cables to sever and break. The results show that the proposed method predicts damage similar to that observed in the Hengchun earthquake. Based on parametric studies of the influence of the water depth and the magnitude of the submarine earthquake, countermeasures to prevent damage to submarine cables are proposed.     

The assessment of weathering stages in granites using an EC/pH meter

The sidewall effects of a wind tunnel on aeolian sand transport were investigated experimentally. A wind tunnel was used to conduct the experiments with a given channel height of 120 cm and varying widths (B) of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 cm. Both vertical profiles of wind velocity and sand mass flux were measured at different locations across the test section. The results show that the wind velocity with saltation first increases and then decreases to a minimum, from the sidewall to the central line of the wind tunnel. The discrepancy among wind velocities at different locations of the transverse section decreases with decreasing tunnel width. The wind friction velocity across the wind tunnel floor, with the exception of the region closest to the sidewalls, does not deviate strongly in wide wind tunnels from that along the central line, whereas it does vary in narrow tunnels. The sand mass fluxes, with the exception of some near-bed regions, are larger along the central line of the wind tunnel than they are at the quarter width location from the sidewall. Unlikely previously reported results, the dimensionless sand transport rate, Qg / (ρu³) (where Q is the total sand transport rate, g is the gravitational acceleration constant, ρ is the air density, and u is the wind friction velocity), first decreases and then increases with the dimensionless friction velocity, u / u_t (where u_t is the threshold friction velocity). The above differences may be attributed to the sidewall effects of the wind tunnel. A dimensionless parameter, F_B = u / (gB)^1/2, is defined to reflect the sidewall effects on aeolian sand transport. The flows with F_B of 0.33 or less may be free from the sidewall effects of the wind tunnel and can ensure accurate saltation tunnel simulation.     

准噶尔盆地南缘绿洲-沙漠过渡带“肥岛”形成过程中土壤颗粒的分形研究

通过野外调查取样和室内分析的方法研究了准噶尔盆地南缘绿洲-沙漠过渡带不同地段的梭梭灌丛土壤不同空间位置（包括灌丛下和灌丛间）的土壤颗粒分形维数的变异特征,以及分形维数与土壤机械组成、土壤养分的关系。结果表明:①土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤沙粒含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与土壤粉粒和粘粒含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),并与土壤养分含量中的有机质、全氮、全磷呈极显著的正相关 (P<0.01),与可被植物吸收利用的速效形态养分碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷等的含量有极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤颗粒分形维数可用以表征土壤结构性状和肥力特征。②沙漠-绿洲过渡带典型空间位置的土壤粒级分布呈梯度性变化,从绿洲到沙漠1~0.25 mm的土壤颗粒体积百分比从0.4%增加到16%,而小于0.05 mm的颗粒体积百分比从76.6%减少到3.5%,土壤的粗粒组分明显增加,细粒组分明显递减,并且土壤颗粒分形维数从2.50降低到2.03。③不同粒径土粒的分布规律表现为灌丛下的粉粒、粘粒含量均大于灌丛间的,其中沙漠腹地灌丛下的表层土壤粉粒增加了1.23%,粘粒增加了0.06%;退耕还林地灌丛下土壤表层的粉粒增加了10.78%,粘粒增加了2.91%,说明梭梭灌丛能有效截获风蚀带来的微细尘埃、粘粒和粉沙,使灌丛下土壤的结构及肥力性状得以改善,形成灌丛“肥岛”。     

Parameterizing a physically based shallow landslide model in a data poor region

Shallow landslides and consequent debris flows are an increasing concern in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Their increased frequency has been associated with deforestation and unfavourable land‐use practices in cultivated areas. In order to evaluate the influence of vegetation on shallow slope failures a physically based, dynamic and distributed hydrological model (STARWARS) coupled with a probabilistic slope stability model (PROBSTAB) was applied to the upper Tikovil River basin (55·6 km²). It was tuned with the limited evidence of groundwater conditions during the monsoon season of 2005 and validated against observed landslide activity in the hydrological year 2001–2002. Given the data poor conditions in the region some modifications to the original model were in order, including the estimation of parameters on the basis of generalized information from secondary sources, pedo‐transfer functions, empirical equations and satellite remote sensing data. Despite the poor input, the model captured the general temporal and spatial pattern of instability in the area. Sensitivity analysis proved root cohesion, soil depth and angle of internal friction as the most dominant parameters influencing slope stability. The results indicate the importance of root cohesion in maintaining stability and the critical role of the management of rubber plantations in this. Interception and evapotranspiration showed little influence on the development of failure conditions. The study also highlights the importance of high resolution digital terrain models for the accurate mechanistic prediction of shallow landslide initiation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用主动震源检测汶川地震余震引起的浅层波速变化

为了监测汶川地震后断裂带附近的波速变化,2008年6月,我们利用快速响应探测系统,在龙门山断裂带北端进行了为期3周的连续观测实验.实验使用电动落锤作为主动震源,GPS连续同步授时的高精度数采作为接收系统.利用记录到的高时间精度观测数据,结合互相关时延检测技术,计算了P波和面波走时的相对变化,来表征地下波速的变化.我们观测到两次面波波速的异常变化,变化幅度最高达到2%,远远大于气压变化所能引起的波速变化.结合该时段内地震活动记录,我们认为面波的波速变化是由在附近发生的两次地震事件的同震效应引起的,该观测结果同理论计算结果相符.     

Space–time modelling of catchment scale drought characteristics

Drought may affect all components of the water cycle and covers commonly a large part of the catchment area. This paper examines drought propagation at the catchment scale using spatially aggregated drought characteristics and illustrates the importance of catchment processes in modifying the drought signal in both time and space. Analysis is conducted using monthly time series covering the period 1961–1997 for the Pang catchment, UK. The time series include observed rainfall and groundwater recharge, head and discharge simulated by physically-based soil water and groundwater models. Drought events derived separately for each unit area and variable are combined to yield catchment scale drought characteristics. The study reveals relatively large differences in the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought for the different variables. Meteorological droughts cover frequently the whole catchment; and they are more numerous and last for a short time (1–2 months). In comparison, droughts in recharge and hydraulic head cover typically a smaller area and last longer (4–5 months). Hydraulic head and groundwater discharge exhibit similar drought characteristics, which can be expected in a groundwater fed catchment. Deficit volume is considered a robust measure of the severity of a drought event over the catchment area for all variables; whereas, duration is less sensitive, particular for rainfall. Spatial variability in drought characteristics for groundwater recharge, head and discharge are primarily controlled by catchment properties. It is recommended not to use drought area separately as a measure of drought severity at the catchment scale, rather it should be used in combination with other drought characteristics like duration and deficit volume.