Confounded by forgotten legacies: Effectively managing watersheds in the contemporary age of unknown unknowns

Contemporary watershed management practices can reflect oversimplifications of relationships between anthropogenic pressures and resource degradation. Remediation and restoration efforts often focus on recent land use practices as the primary driver of hydrologic regime changes. We present a case study that serves as an example to the scientific and watershed management communities of the lasting influences of historic land use practices and natural physical processes on a stream in the central United States listed as impaired by the federal government. Abnormal spatiotemporal streamflow relationships, determined by means of an experimental watershed study, alerted the authors to possible sink/source behavior in the upper‐watershed. Subsequent research uncovered archival evidence of coal mining, which may provide at least partial explanation. Additional investigation identified hydrologic processes associated with natural landscape evolution, noted by early‐20th‐century researchers, which are considered in the context of the current water quality and flow regime. Despite best‐intended management practices, regulatory agencies, scientists, and local decision makers have not accounted for such practices and processes, instead relying on recent development as the proximate cause of designated impairment. We present argumentation that historic land use (coal mining) and landscape processes comprise cumulative yet unconsidered legacy effects that contribute systemically to the observed hydrologic regime of the watershed. Results hold important implications for contemporary watershed management, and support rethinking the case‐by‐case appropriateness of federal and state water impairment listings, and the achievability of restoration efforts in many developing watersheds.     

Influences of upstream reservoir stratification and downstream tidal fluctuations on the summer thermal regime of a regulated coastal river

This study focused on the effects of upstream reservoir thermal dynamics and downstream tidal influences on temperatures in a 25-km reach of Alouette River (coastal British Columbia, Canada) below a control dam and upstream of its confluence with Pitt River. Temperature was monitored during summer 2013 using 25 sensors. Water was released from the reservoir through a low level outlet at approximately 2.7 m³ s⁻¹, except during late spring when a higher flow was released over the dam spillway. Temperature variations in the lowest section of Alouette River, and in the lower portion of a tributary, were distinct from those further upstream due to backwatering effects associated with a semi-diurnal tide, which can cause flow reversals in Pitt River. An internal seiche was identified in the reservoir during mid-summer that resulted in oscillating releases of warmer and cooler water with an amplitude of up to 6°C and a period of approximately 12 hr. Wavelet analysis and band-pass filtering indicated that the 12-hr signal declined in strength with downstream distance, but remained detectable about 15 km below the dam. In contrast, the 24-hr diel signal increased in strength with distance below the dam. Travel times computed via cross-correlation of the 12-hr signals with that at the low level outlet were within ±10% of those estimated from measured mean velocities. Lagrangian tracking of water parcels using the derived travel times indicated that the cooling effect of periodic releases of cold water during the seiching period persisted to the lower extent of the non-tidal reach. The tidally influenced locations experienced higher temperatures than those recorded in the non-tidal portion of Alouette River, although the relative roles of heating in the upstream tidal reach versus upstream advection of water associated with tide-driven flow reversals in Pitt River require further study.     

蒙古五十年来旱涝变化和降水趋势的研究

本文利用蒙古２５个台站的５２年逐月降水量资料，研究了蒙古旱变化和降水趋势。结果表明：蒙古平均年降水量为２１６．１ｍｍ，分布由南向北增加，东西部少，中部多，南部和西部为干旱区，中部和东部为半干旱区，与我国干旱半干旱区是一个整体，降水主要集中在夏季；年降水量变率为１５．６％－３８．０％。蒙古旱涝都很频繁，旱的频率高于涝的频率，而大涝的频率是大旱的两倍。年降水量服从正态分布，并有准３年和１１－１４年周期     

江西省旱涝灾害风险评估与农业可持续发展

采用旱涝受灾率、成灾率、降水变率、脆弱度、灾害损失率、干旱指数等要素,评估了江西省旱涝灾害风险的时空分布特征.并根据江西省旱涝风险的时空分布特征,提出防灾减灾对策,防御和减轻旱涝灾害,以达到农业可持续发展的目的.研究结果表明,江西省每年都存在不同程度的旱涝风险,且洪涝风险大于干旱风险;干旱风险的变异程度小于洪涝风险.其空间分布为干旱风险北部重于南部、山区轻于平原;洪涝风险东部重于西部、南部轻于北部.     

海南琼海加积井水温同震效应特征和机理初探

基于海南加积井数字化水温2007年1月-2010年4月震中距小于8 000 km、Ms≥7.8大震的同震响应资料,系统分析水温年月日正常动态特征,发现远震引起的水温同震效应特征为上升脉冲,与以往的非自流井水温同震效应以下降为主的认识不一致;水温变化幅度与震中距、震级有一定关系,加积井水温同震效应成因,可用“层内混合”作...     

考虑梁体—挡块碰撞效应的桥梁地震响应数值计算

地震中桥梁梁体和挡块之间的碰撞是导致挡块破坏的直接因素.为定量研究由碰撞带来的横桥向地震响应的变化,采用Kelvin接触单元模型和SSH法数值计算方法,推导了考虑梁体—挡块碰撞效应的桥梁地震响应的数值计算方法和步骤,并用MATLAB编制了相应程序.通过对比计算结果和有关文献的试验数据可以看到,本文提出的计算方法计算效率高,结果准确.最后通过一个例子说明了本方法的实用性.     

Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the abundance and size of epibenthic jellyfish Cassiopea spp

Jellyfish blooms in pelagic systems appear to be increasing on a global scale because of anthropogenic impacts, but much less is known about the link between human activities and epibenthic jellyfish abundance. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the epibenthic jellyfish, Cassiopea spp., were found in greater abundance, and attained larger sizes, in coastal habitats adjacent to high human population densities compared to sites adjacent to uninhabited areas on Abaco Island, Bahamas. Cassiopea spp. were found to be significantly more dense and larger in areas with high human population densities. Ambient nutrient levels and nutrient content of seagrass were elevated in high human population density sites, and may be one mechanism driving higher abundance and size of Cassiopea spp. Cassiopea spp. may have important effects on community structure and ecosystem function in critical coastal ecosystems (e.g., seagrass beds), and their impacts warrant further study.     

膨胀土水泥改性均匀性及长期效果试验研究

为了解南水北调中线工程南阳膨胀土试验段水泥改性土的掺拌均匀性及长期改性效果,进行了现场取样和室内试验研究。结果表明,中膨胀水泥改性土采用稳定土拌和机拌合效果相对较好;弱膨胀水泥改性土采用路拌机拌合,试样渗透系数及无侧限抗压强度变化均较大,表明现场拌合不均匀,即水泥改性土的拌合工艺对其均匀性影响很大。水泥改性土现场运行一年多之后,不仅显著降低了膨胀性,而且显著提高了膨胀土的抗剪强度,长期改性效果显著。     

2012年天津地区三次地震前水位对固体潮振幅响应计算分析

2012年在天津及其周边地区发生了唐山4.8级, 宝坻4.0级和宝坻3.5级三次地震。 本文收集整理了天津地区固体潮反映较好的宝坻井、 王3井、 高村井以及张道口井2012年的水位观测数据和气压数据。 采用卷积回归和多项式拟合方法, 对水位观测数据进行气压效应及趋势项的去除, 并对水位数据进行数字滤波处理, 增强水位固体潮信号。 在对数据进行以上有效预处理后, 采用类似于Nakai拟合模型, 以每两天数据为一组, 分别对不同窗口长度滤波处理后的水位数据进行体应变固体潮响应振幅因子比的计算。 计算结果表明, 三次地震前比值均出现明显高值变化。 经比较当窗长选取96 h和120 h进行滤波时计算效果最为明显, 其异常成组出现, 并且变化幅度较大。 由以上这四口井水位对固体潮响应振幅因子比在三次地震发生前后的变化分析, 地震前由于应力的积累, 比值会出现高值变化, 小震活动对应力的积累具有缓解释放作用, 并且结合地震活动以及震源机制解可以对应力的积累-释放过程有一定的了解与印证。     

VS30, site amplifications and some comparisons: The Adapazari (Turkey) case

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of V_S30 in site amplifications in the Adapazari region, Turkey. To fulfil this aim, amplifications from V_S30 measurements were compared with earthquake data for different soil types in the seismic design codes. The Adapazari area was selected as the study area, and shear-wave velocity distribution was obtained by the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASWs) method at 100 sites for the top 50 m of soil. Aftershock data following the Mw 7.4 Izmit earthquake of 17 August 1999 gave magnitudes between 4.0 and 5.6 at six stations installed in and around the Adapazari Basin, at Babalı, Şeker, Genç, Hastane, Toyota and Imar. This data was used to estimate site amplifications by the reference-station method. In addition, the fundamental periods of the station sites were estimated by the single station method. Site classifications based on V_S30 in the seismic design codes were compared with the fundamental periods and amplification values. It was found that site amplifications (from earthquake data) and relevant spectra (from V_S30) are not in good agreement for soils in Adapazari (Turkey).