煤矿排水对枣庄市清凉泉水源地污染作用分析

近年来,随着枣庄市陶枣矿区煤矿资源的大规模开发,矿坑排水对矿区地下水资源及生态环境产生的负面影响愈发突出,尤其是矿坑水沿地表河流排放途中,通过灰岩“天窗”大量灌入岩溶地下水中,造成地处煤田下游的清凉泉水源地水质遭受明显污染,供水水质难以保证。根据矿坑排水量、水源地水质、开采现状等分析认为,对串层污染进行封堵和控制矿坑水排放渠道是防治水源地污染的有效措施。     

中国末次冰盛期以来泥炭发育与气候变化

泥炭是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,其发育演化对全球碳循环具有重要的影响。然而,目前轨道时间尺度上中低纬泥炭发育与季风演化关系及其对全球CH₄浓度变化的影响,还存在很大的争议。本研究基于末次冰盛期以来我国泥炭发育的起始¹⁴C年龄数据,通过年龄概率密度方法,系统重建了东亚季风区泥炭发育的时空演变历史。结果表明：末次冰盛期我国南方泥炭开始发育,冰消期以来泥炭发育逐步扩展至华北、东北、西北和青藏高原地区,并发育增强;全新世时段,不同区域泥炭发育存在明显的空间差异,东北和西北泥炭发育呈现持续增加,而南方、华北和青藏高原地区在早-中全新世增加,之后呈现下降趋势。结合全国孢粉记录的古气候定量化重建结果,发现我国末次冰盛期以来不同区域泥炭发育主要受降水变化的影响,揭示出泥炭发育主要受控于东亚季风降水的演化。研究表明在轨道时间尺度上,东亚季风演化及其导致的泥炭发育变化对全球CH₄浓度变化具有重要的贡献。

     

赞比亚谦比西铜矿水文地质条件和疏干方案研究

分析了赞比亚谦比西铜矿水文地质条件的特点及其对矿山防治水的影响。提出了与当地习惯做法不同的本中段为主疏干、放水工程非均匀布置的治水方案 ,以及保证方案得以成功实施所应采取的措施。     

Drainage basin peak discharge rating curve

The stream gauge rating curve for a drainage basin can be transformed into a drainage basin peak discharge rating curve that is more stable than the rating curve from which it is derived. The resulting drainage basin peak discharge rating curve can be used to predict peak discharge, identify anomalous discharges caused by channel obstructions or other causes, evaluate the effect of flood retarding structures, and evaluate historical records. The drainage basin peak discharge rating curve is valid for drainage basins of any size, for any discharge up to the time of concentration, and for snowmelt.     

The Othris Ophiolite, Greece: A snapshot of subduction initiation at a mid-ocean ridge

The mantle section of the Tethyan-type Othris Ophiolite, Greece, records tectono-magmatic processes characteristic of both mid-ocean ridges and supra-subduction zones. The Othris Ophiolite is a remnant of the Jurassic Neotethys Ocean, which existed between Eurasia and Gondwanaland. Othris peridotites range from fertile plagioclase lherzolites to depleted harzburgites. Abundances of Al₂O₃ and CaO show well-defined inverse linear correlations with MgO, suggesting that the Othris peridotites formed as residua from variable degrees of partial melting.

Peridotites from the Fournos Kaïtsa and western Katáchloron sub-massifs are similar to abyssal peridotites and can be explained by a multistage model with some melting in the garnet stability field followed by moderate degrees of anhydrous near-fractional melting in the spinel stability field. In contrast, the peridotites from the Metalleio, Eretria, and eastern Katáchloron sub-massifs, and the Vourinos ophiolite are highly depleted and have extremely low concentrations of Al₂O₃ and heavy rare earth elements. These peridotites have enriched light REE contents compared to the middle REE. These residua are best modelled by hydrous melting due to a flux of slab-derived fluid to the mantle wedge during melting.

The occurrence of both styles of melting regimes within close spatial and temporal association in the same ophiolite is explained by intra-oceanic thrusting and forced subduction initiation at (or near) a mid-ocean ridge. Thus, the Othris Ophiolite, and probably Tethyan-type ophiolites in general, represent a transient phase of plate tectonic reorganisation rather than quasi-steady state plate tectonics.     

Petrological evidence for stepwise accretion of metamorphic soles during subduction infancy (Semail ophiolite,Oman and UAE)

Metamorphic soles are tectonic slices welded beneath most large‐scale ophiolites. These slivers of oceanic crust metamorphosed up to granulite facies conditions are interpreted as forming during the first million years of intraoceanic subduction following heat transfer from the incipient mantle wedge towards the top of the subducting plate. This study reappraises the formation of metamorphic soles through detailed field and petrological work on three key sections from the Semail ophiolite (Oman and United Arab Emirates). Based on thermobarometry and thermodynamic modelling, it is shown that metamorphic soles do not record a continuous temperature gradient, as expected from simple heating by the upper plate or by shear heating as proposed in previous studies. The upper, high‐T metamorphic sole is subdivided in at least two units, testifying to the stepwise formation, detachment and accretion of successive slices from the down‐going slab to the mylonitic base of the ophiolite. Estimated peak pressure–temperature conditions through the metamorphic sole, from top to bottom, are 850°C and 1 GPa, 725°C and 0.8 GPa and 530°C and 0.5 GPa. These estimates appear constant within each unit but differing between units by 100–200°C and ~0.2 GPa. Despite being separated by hundreds of kilometres below the Semail ophiolite and having contrasting locations with respect to the ridge axis position, metamorphic soles show no evidence for significant petrological variations along strike. These constraints allow us to refine the tectonic–petrological model for the genesis of metamorphic soles, formed via the stepwise stacking of several homogeneous slivers of oceanic crust and its sedimentary cover. Metamorphic soles result not so much from downward heat transfer (ironing effect) as from progressive metamorphism during strain localization and cooling of the plate interface. The successive thrusts originate from rheological contrasts between the sole, initially the top of the subducting slab, and the peridotite above as the plate interface progressively cools. These findings have implications for the thickness, the scale and the coupling state at the plate interface during the early history of subduction/obduction systems.     

Infiltration and runoff generation processes in fire‐affected soils

Post‐wildfire runoff was investigated by combining field measurements and modelling of infiltration into fire‐affected soils to predict time‐to‐start of runoff and peak runoff rate at the plot scale (1 m²). Time series of soil‐water content, rainfall and runoff were measured on a hillslope burned by the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire west of Boulder, Colorado during cyclonic and convective rainstorms in the spring and summer of 2011. Some of the field measurements and measured soil physical properties were used to calibrate a one‐dimensional post‐wildfire numerical model, which was then used as a ‘virtual instrument’ to provide estimates of the saturated hydraulic conductivity and high‐resolution (1 mm) estimates of the soil‐water profile and water fluxes within the unsaturated zone. Field and model estimates of the wetting‐front depth indicated that post‐wildfire infiltration was on average confined to shallow depths less than 30 mm. Model estimates of the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity, K_s, near the soil surface ranged from 0.1 to 5.2 mm h^?1. Because of the relatively small values of K_s, the time‐to‐start of runoff (measured from the start of rainfall), t_p, was found to depend only on the initial soil‐water saturation deficit (predicted by the model) and a measured characteristic of the rainfall profile (referred to as the average rainfall acceleration, equal to the initial rate of change in rainfall intensity). An analytical model was developed from the combined results and explained 92–97% of the variance of t_p, and the numerical infiltration model explained 74–91% of the variance of the peak runoff rates. These results are from one burned site, but they strongly suggest that t_p in fire‐affected soils (which often have low values of K_s) is probably controlled more by the storm profile and the initial soil‐water saturation deficit than by soil hydraulic properties. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

九寨沟震后核心景区崩滑堆积体冲刷启动机制研究

2017年九寨沟震后核心景区广泛发育崩滑堆积体,震后3年间受降雨影响下坡面泥石流频发,严重威胁景区恢复重建。为了研究坡面径流冲刷对崩滑堆积体启动的影响,基于2017－2020年的持续跟踪调查与高分辨率遥感影像解译,利用现场冲刷试验及原位监测,分析了径流冲刷条件下堆积体的渗流响应特征、侵蚀运移过程及冲刷启动机制。结果表明：（1）冲刷过程中坡面物质以下蚀、面蚀、溯源侵蚀及侧蚀为主,湿润锋下移致使坡体内体积含水率与孔隙水压力增大,达到峰值后处于动态稳定状态,而基质吸力则先小幅度波动后不断减小。（2）崩滑堆积体具有坡度陡、土体孔隙间细粒含量多、渗透性良好且抗冲刷能力弱等特征,在强烈的水动力条件下启动演化过程为先期渗透→铲刮滑流→快速堆积→局部饱和侵蚀?稳定。（3）不同饱和状态下堆积体启动的力学分析与现场试验监测结果较为一致,并结合冲刷试验成果认为,土体含水率升高、孔隙水压力急剧增大、基质吸力快速减小与高强度径流冲刷是堆积体启动之机制所在。该研究结果对于震后泥石流活动的长期效应预测与生态治理具有重要意义。     

Initiation and early development of barchan dunes: A case study of the Moroccan Atlantic Sahara desert

This paper describes field measurements that document the formation of barchan dunes in the Moroccan Atlantic Sahara desert. The first mechanism described is the transformation of patches and proto-dunes at Cap Juby beach to barchan dunes of elementary size. This transformation is discussed in relation to the wind speed and saturation length. The second mechanism is the ejection of small barchans of elementary size by other small barchans in response to the perturbation of the target barchan by two other impacting small barchans. This remote initiation is discussed in relation to the bulk flux transported by the barchan dunes involved in this interaction and to their morphology. Other modes of barchan initiation observed in the field are also presented.     

基于PS-VF-TBD的地波雷达船只目标航迹起始方法

针对地波雷达低信噪比目标信号"闪烁"导致的航迹起始困难问题,本文提出了一种基于PS-VF-TBD的航迹起始方法.该方法综合利用了地波雷达回波谱中目标信号的展宽特征和运动特性,利用PS-VF-TBD方法对运动目标能量有效积累的特点,提高对疑似目标多帧信号间的关联概率,进而提高对真实目标的搜索概率和航迹起始成功率.通过地波...