Seasonal patterns of benthic arthropods in a subtropical Andean basin

We studied the seasonal variation of arthropod assemblages and the response to high discharge events in a subtropical Andean basin. Using abundance of common taxa and taxon richness of each sampled site, we examined the temporal variation of arthropods and related these changes with 12 environmental variables. Seasonal patterns of benthic arthropods were confirmed by uni- and multivariate techniques. Benthic abundance and taxon richness peaked on autumn-winter months, and declined abruptly on the month of peak discharge (summer season). Distinct taxonomic groups were dominant in each season influenced by discharge and seven chemical variables.Assemblage resistance to disturbance by spates was low. Rapid recovery of benthic arthropods after floods reflected high resilience of the system. The dominance of groups of short life cycles such as Ephemeroptera played an important role in this process.     

Combining AVHRR imagery with CORINE Land Cover data to observe forest fires and to assess their consequences

This paper describes an operational application of AVHRR satellite imagery in combination with the satellite-based land cover database CORINE Land Cover (CLC) for the comprehensive observation and follow-up of 10000 fire outbreaks and of their consequences in Greece during summer 2000. In the first stage, we acquired and processed satellite images on a daily basis with the aim of smoke-plume tracking and fire-core detection at the national level. Imagery was acquired eight times per day and derived from all AVHRR spectral channels. In the second stage, we assessed the consequences of fire on vegetation by producing a burnt-area map on the basis of multi-annual normalised vegetation indices using AVHRR data in combination with CLC. In the third stage we used again CLC to assess the land cover of burnt areas in the entire country. The results compared successfully to available inventories for that year. Burnt area was estimated with an accuracy ranging from 88% to 95%, depending on the predominant land cover type. These results, along with the low cost and high temporal resolution of AVHRR satellite imagery, suggest that the combination of low-resolution satellite data with harmonised CLC data can be applied operationally for forest fire and post-fire assessments at the national and at a pan-European level.     

电离层暴时的foF2预报技术研究

电离层是一个非常复杂的非线性系统.本文利用BP网络非线性输入-输出映射的特点预报电离层F2层临界频率.由于foF2在太阳活动高低年、不同经纬度、不同季节有着不同变化特点,本文仅以海口站、长春站的数据为例分别对1994年和2001年的foF2进行预报,预报结果表明发生电离层暴时用神经网络法预报foF2比国际参考电离层更有优势.此外,由于不同用户对预报精度的需求不同,本文以海口站2000、2001年的预报结果为例构建了残差模型.     

Hydrological shifts and tree growth responses to river modification along the Apalachicola River,Florida

Shifts in the hydrologic regime of Florida’s Apalachicola River have been attributed to anthropogenic changes throughout its watershed, including local dam construction. To assess impacts of those shifts on floodplain forests, we reconstructed tree growth using dendrochronology and compared these trends with hydrological and climatic variables. Comparisons of stream-gage data before and after dam construction on the Apalachicola River revealed statistically significant mean declines in annual average stage. Mean minimum annual stages, rise rates, and fall rates also decreased, while hydrograph reversals increased. Growth in four tree species correlated strongly with site-specific inundation parameters. A wetter climate in the two decades following dam construction and fine-scale fluctuation of the hydrograph may have set the stage for positive growth releases. Logging and hurricane wind throw events may have also contributed. However, drier conditions in the last two decades are now exacerbated by stage-discharge declines that had been masked previously. Tree growth rates and recruitment have decreased and, in the absence of a major disturbance, the forest canopy is composed of an older cohort of individuals. Our findings highlight how hydrograph variability, climate change, and vegetation disturbance are all relevant for gaging and anticipating the range of impacts of river modification on floodplain forests.     

西太平洋副热带高压中期变化的数值试验 Ⅱ.热带西太平洋热源的作用

用一个全球谱模式作数值试验,研究了１９７９年６月中蟾一次西太平洋副热带高压西伸北进的中期天气过程中热带西太平洋地区理想热源的作用。结果表明：理想热源的作用大约在４天以后可以影响我国东部的副热带高压和中高纬度的环流;理想热源在热带洋面上产生的扰动首先沿副高南边的东风气流向西北方向传播,到中纬西风带后分为两支,一支继续向西北方向传播,另一支转向东北偏东方向传播,两支扰动的共同作用导致副热带高压和西风带     

Response of the zooplankton community to extreme hydrological variations in a temporary lake in a neotropical floodplain system

Extreme events can cause species substitution or biodiversity losses. In floodplains, flood and drought phases are considered disturbances when their amplitude or intensity are atypical. These unpredictable events can affect the structure of aquatic communities. In this context, we evaluated the response of the zooplankton community to two extreme droughts that occurred from 2001−2002 and 2014−2016. We assessed species richness and composition on three occasions: before extreme drought (phase 1); during the phase after extreme drought (phase 2) characterized by floods, and lastly, after flood (phase 3), when the fluctuations in water levels in the lowlands stabilized. We hypothesized that (i) zooplankton composition in the lake is distinct in the phases before extreme drought and flood, as the extreme drought event causes changes in the community structure and (ii) after the flood (phase 3), the composition of species in the lake would be more similar to the phase 1, with a large number of species shared in these. Contrary to what we expected, similarity in the species composition of the lake was greater between the phase 1 and phase 2, which may indicate the resilience capacity of the community, through specialized adaptations capable of tolerating extreme. The lowest similarity was observed between the phase 1 and phase 3 and this difference may be a consequence of the dilution effect of the community in the flood (phase 2). Our results suggest that the community structure in the lake can be considered more resilient to extreme drought. We also highlight the importance of the hydrological dynamics of a floodplain for the structure of communities, considering atypical droughts in periods of different climatic events.     

于田M_s7.3地震震前重力扰动信号研究

2008年3月21日和2014年2月12日,新疆和田地区于田县先后发生两次M_s7.3地震.为分析两次地震前是否存在重力短临异常信号,应用Tsoft软件对原始数据进行理论固体潮改正和气压改正,并基于小波分解去除其低频趋势,有效提取了两次地震前国家连续重力观测网多台g-Phone重力仪的高频扰动信息.结果表明两次地震前都记录到高频扰动信号.2008年地震前牡丹江、沈阳台和漳州台三个台站记录到的高频扰动信号,主频分布在0.2~0.4 Hz.2014年地震前8个台站记录到两组不同频段的扰动信号.第一组信号集中在震前6天的东北台站,第二组扰动信号出现在震前3天的东南台站.两组扰动信号振幅呈现从北到南、从东到西逐步衰减的时空分布规律·同时期的气象资料显示局部强降雨与第二组扰动异常存在良好的相关性.对高频重力信号的时频分析结果表明震前第一组扰动信号存在异常频段0·13~0.18 Hz.应用扰动源扫描算法对2014年两组扰动信号进行空间定.位,结果显示第一组信号扰动源位置与于田震中相距约1935 km,不在于田地震的孕震区内;第二组信号扰动源来自海上.2008年和2014年于田地震第二组震前扰动信号与强降雨以及海浪影响相关.2014年第一组信号与于田地震的关系仍待进一步研究.     

极限时间法与临震预报

研究了每2次地震之间的时间间隔, 并指出在更大的地震发生前h′异常, 且有一个极限时间存在, 通常不会超过极限时间而发震。 若h′值连续异常, h′虽小但大于1; 则是短期异常的显示; 若出现单次或多次的高h′值异常。 如: h′＞4甚至h′＞9, 且本地或附近伴有较大(例如M≥4)地震出现时, 一般都是本地地震的临震异常。 用4次前震作了检验, 结果是满意的。 而且还研究了信息与干扰的问题。     

Persistent effects of physical disturbance on meiobenthos in mangrove sediments

Disturbance is an important factor in structuring ecological communities, exerting its influence through changes to the physical environment and to the trajectories of successional processes. Marine environments are subject to a wide range of disturbances and while much is known about the effects of disturbance on macrobenthos in unconsolidated sediments, little is known about the responses of meiobenthos to disturbance in consolidated sediments, such as mangroves. Trampling was used to study the response of meiobenthos to disturbance in mangrove sediments. Even light trampling appeared to break up the mangrove root mat and increased the proportion of fine sediment. Densities of meiobenthos increased 2-3-fold in disturbed sediments, but there was no evidence of disproportionate abundance. Temporal variability was similar in all treatments, but spatial variability increased 4-5-fold in disturbed sediments. Effects persisted for at least 24 months, with little evidence of convergence of treatments. Meiobenthos may have exploited the increase in habitat resulting from loss of the root mat and possibly benefited from increased food from the decomposition of root material. These effects are likely to persist for several years because of the minimal recovery of the root mat.     

Influence of disturbance and nutrient enrichment on early successional fouling communities in an oligotrophic marine system

Disturbance and productivity are often cited as the main factors determining temporal and spatial patterns in species distribution and the diversity of communities. A field experiment was conducted to test the role of these factors in the structuring of early successional fouling communities in a nutrient limited system at the south coast of Madeira Island. Macro‐benthic sessile communities, established on artificial settlement substrata, were manipulated and surveyed over a 9‐week period. We applied mechanical disturbances of four different frequencies crossed with three levels of inorganic nutrient enrichment. Fertilization enhanced community diversity by favouring the establishment and growth of macroalgae. Disturbance reduced diversity by eliminating species – but only at the highest nutrient level. This is explained by a multiple‐stressor model; species most sensitive to nutrient deficiency (only present in the highest enrichment treatment) were simultaneously the most sensitive to disturbance.