Dynamic properties and liquefaction resistance of two soil materials in an earthfill dam—Laboratory test results

Results are presented of laboratory resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests on specimens of two compacted soils (a sandy–silty clay and a sand–gravel mixture), planned to be used in the core and the shells, respectively, of a proposed earthfill dam. The values of low-amplitude shear modulus of the clayey material were found to increase with increasing confining pressure and decreasing water content, with deviations of ±20% from the predictions of the “Hardin equation”. On the other hand, the low-amplitude damping ratio was found to be at least four times higher than the values corresponding to natural undisturbed cohesive soils. The proposed G/G₀−γ_c curve for the compacted cohesive soil was found to be independent of confining pressure and small variations of the water content on either side of the optimum value and showed a remarkable agreement with recently published similar curves for natural cohesive soils. For the case of the sand–gravel mixture, normalized G/G₀–γ_c and D–γ_c curves are proposed, based on recently published results for gravelly soils and the limited data of the present study. The liquefaction resistance of the saturated sand–gravel mixture was found to be strongly dependent on its relative density, especially for high values of cyclic stress ratio. A relative density of at least 55% was found to be necessary to assure safety against earthquake-induced liquefaction of the material. The results presented herein may be used (directly or as guide) in the seismic analysis of (new or existing) earth dams constructed from similar soil materials and in addition they provide insight into the dynamic behavior of compacted soils.     

Magnetic properties of sediments from the Pearl River Delta,South China: Paleoenvironmental implications

Magnetic parameters and their environmental implications of sediments in a core (PD) from the Pearl River Delta, South China, indicate that ferrimagnetic minerals with low coercivity, such as magnetite, dominate the magnetic properties although small amounts of Fe-sulphides occur. The fraction of Fe-sulphides increases and becomes the dominant minerals determining the magnetic characteristics in grey-black organic-rich clay horizons, indicating an anoxic, sulphate-reducing swamp environment resulting from a marine regression. In the "Huaban clay" , hard magnetic minerals, such as hematite and goethite, largely control the magnetic properties of the sediments and imply a long period of exposure and weathering. Where magnetite is the main magnetic mineral, its fraction and grain size determine properties such as magnetic susceptibility (κ ) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM). Ratios of SIRM/κ and χarm/SIRM reflect changes in sea level with high SIRM/κ and χarm/SIRM correlating with a smaller magnetic mineral grain size and rising sea level. Based on downcore variations of these environmental magnetic parameters along with sediment characteristics and microfauna, the sedimentary environment of the Pearl River Delta area can be divided into two main cycles of transgression and regression during the late Pleistocene and Holocene with more sub-cycles of sea level fluctuation during each transgression.     

腾格里沙漠南缘沙漠化逆转过程中的土壤物理性质变化特征

在腾格里沙漠南缘,应用空间代替时间的方法,选择了流动沙丘、封育5 a、封育15 a和封育25 a的恢复序列,研究了沙漠化逆转过程中的土壤物理性质变化特征。结果表明,腾格里沙漠南缘沙漠化逆转过程中,土壤含水率先降低后增大;土壤沙粒含量逐渐减少,土壤粉粒和粘粒含量逐渐增加;土壤容重逐渐降低,土壤孔隙度逐渐增大,表层土壤容重在封育恢复过程中逐渐减小,表层土壤孔隙度在封育恢复15 a后趋于稳定。研究认为,在腾格里沙漠南缘的沙漠化逆转过程中,沙化土地土壤性状不断提高、土壤结构不断改善;沙漠化逆转过程也是土壤的形成过程。     

The porosity and engineering properties of vesicular basalt in Saudi Arabia

The presence of non-connected vesicles in extensive basalt flows in western Saudi Arabia greatly affects their engineering properties such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and sonic velocities. In order to evaluate some of these properties, the density and/or the porosity of the material must be known. Using conventional methods to determine the porosity or the density of irregular lumps proved to be erroneous. An image analysis technique is suggested to estimate the porosity of the vesicular basalt. The estimated values were correlated against the calculated porosity values using core samples, and were found to have excellent correlation (R=0.99). The estimated porosity values were also correlated against the static and dynamic properties of the basalt and a good level of correlation (R=0.77) was obtained.     

渤海湾盆地晚古生代煤系烃源岩及其生烃性评价

在对渤海湾盆地晚古生代煤系烃源岩特征进行研究的基础上,分别从烃源岩的主要生烃组分、有机质类型及生烃门限等方面对其生烃性进行了评价,认为太原组烃夺生烃性要好于山西组;渤海地晚古生代煤系烃源岩不但具有良好的生烃物质基础,较高的生烃能力和热成熟条件,而且具有良好的天然气勘探前景。     

环境矿物材料在土壤、水体、大气污染治理中的利用

本文在简要阐明了环境矿物材料对污染物的净化机理与净化功能的基础上,明确了环境矿物材料的应用领域,重点展望了在土壤重金属污染防治、地表水和地下水水质改善及燃煤固硫除尘等三类状态污染控制与环境保护领域中应用的前景。认为经济、简便、有效地用于污染治理与环境修复的无机界矿物学方法类似于有机界生物学方法,均是自然界地球系统中天然自净化作用的反映。     

由CPT确定灌注桩极限承载力的可靠性分析

利用随机场理论,研究了灌注桩的Ｐｓ,ｆｉ和Ｐｓｂ统计特性的统计原则,对相关距离、桩截面尺寸、端阻力计算范围等在程序编制中的协调问题进行了探讨;对上海地区１７个场地的４６条ＣＰＴ曲线进行了电算,进而求出了由ＣＰＴ确定灌注桩极限承载力的可靠度指标的统计特性。     

遗传程序设计在岩石力学性能预测中的应用研究

介绍了遗传程序设计原理及其在岩石力学参数确定中的合理性,通过实例说明了用该方法进行矿岩设计参数预测的实用性。     

Higher order Boussinesq equations

A new form of Boussinesq-type equations accurate to the third order are derived in this paper to improve the linear dispersion and nonlinearity characteristics in deeper water. Fourth spatial derivatives in the third order terms of the equations are transformed into second derivatives and present no difficulty in numerical computations. With the increase in accuracy of the equations, the nonlinear and dispersion characteristics of the equations are of one order of magnitude higher accuracy than those of the classical Boussinesq equations. The equations can serve as a fully nonlinear model for shallow water waves. The shoaling property of the equations is also of high accuracy through shallow water to deep water by introducing an extra source term into the second order continuity equation. An approach to increase the accuracy of the nonlinear characteristics of the new equations is introduced. The expression for the vertical distribution of the horizontal velocities is a fourth order polynomial.