阿根廷西北部沉积型铁矿地质特征

阿根廷境内的安第斯山脉及与智利和玻利维亚交界的西北部地区,沉积型铁矿广泛分布,具有寻找世界级矿床的潜力。着重介绍了此类矿床的地质特征,并简要分析了其成矿远景。     

云南元阳哈播金矿地质特征及成因分析

哈播金矿位于昌都-兰坪-思茅褶皱系。矿体主要赋存于歪古村组中的构造破碎带中,北西西-南东东向构造破碎带是矿质运移通道和容矿场所。歪古村组的（火山）沉积岩石是主要矿源层,强烈的构造剪切作用和岩浆作用为成矿提供了热液。根据区域地质和矿床地质特征分析,哈播金矿属（火山）沉积改造型金矿床。     

金沙江中游上江坝址河床深厚覆盖层建高坝可行性探讨

摘 要 上江坝址为金沙江中游龙头水库的比选坝址之一,坝址河床覆盖层最厚达206.2 m,在深厚覆盖层上修建最低249 m级的高土石坝,大坝规模达到甚至超过世界前沿水平,筑坝技术难度大。通过测绘、钻探、物探、物理力学测试等工作揭示:(1)河床覆盖层由漂卵石、低液限粘土、砾卵石、碎块石、砂砾石等组成;(2)河床覆盖层中各粗粒土强度相对较高,低液限粘土强度较低,为坝基一条连续完整的相对软弱带;(3)坝址位于龙蟠断陷盆地内,主要受新构造垂直差异运动的影响,河床接受金沙江上游及坡体上物质堆积,逐渐形成了现今的深厚覆盖层。初步研究本坝址在河床覆盖层上建高土石坝是可行的,但需要对坝基采取工程处理措施。探讨了不同建坝方案所引发的工程地质问题,为筑坝技术研究提供了地质依据。     

测井信息用于层序地层单元划分及对比研究综述

测井曲线是载有地层沉积旋回信息的信号,运用测井信息划分层序地层单元及地层对比研究自开始以来已取得了长足进步,从定性的分析、识别发展到现在可半定量、定量提取不同级别的沉积单元界面及进行层序地层对比,更进一步克服了地质学家手工划分层序中人为因素的影响,进而也推进了层序地层学研究的定量化发展。岩性突变、沉积韵律是影响其测井响应及曲线形态的两个重要因素,测井响应对沉积单元界面上下岩性的类型及粒度的不同而产生的声、放、电性质的变化,是利用测井信息划分沉积单元界面的基础。随着层序地层学研究的深入,沉积单元界面识别及层序地层对比的测井研究将向更深层次、更定量化的方向发展,短周期及超短周期沉积旋回的测井曲线形态内部特征提取及划分、层序地层智能动态匹配对比的方法研究将是今后开展研究的新方向。     

崇明岛CY孔沉积物的磁性特征及其环境意义

对崇明岛CY孔样芯磁性特征的研究表明,该孔沉积物的磁性矿物以假单畴/多畴晶粒的亚铁磁性矿物为主.按磁化率等磁参数的变化可将该孔划分为7个磁性层.同时,参照沉积物粒度、化学分析结果,探讨了磁参数与沉积动力环境、地球化学环境的关系,并以磁性层位划分与岩性岩相分析、 14C测年相结合,建立了长江河口中全新世以来的沉积相序和地层层序.     

Cycloid crack sequences on Europa: Relationship to stress history and constraints on growth mechanics based on cusp angles

The original model developed to explain cycloidal cracks on Europa interprets cycloids as tensile fractures that grow in a curved path in response to the constantly rotating diurnal tidal stress field. Cusps form when a new cycloid crack segment propagates at an angle to the first in response to a rotation of the principal tidal stress orientation during a period of no crack growth. A recent revised model states that a cycloid cusp forms through the creation of a secondary fracture called a tailcrack at the tip of an existing cycloid segment during shearing motion induced by the rotating tidal stress field. As the tailcrack propagates away from the cusp, it becomes the next cycloid segment in the chain. The qualitative tailcrack model uniquely accounts for the normal and shear stresses that mechanically must resolve onto the tip of an existing cycloid segment at the instant of cusp formation. In this work, we provide a quantitative framework and test of the hitherto purely conceptual tailcrack model. We first present a relative age sequence inferred from geologic mapping of multiply cross-cutting cycloids in Europa's trailing hemisphere and place this into the context of the global stress history. The age sequence requires a cumulative minimum of 630° of shell reorientation due to nonsynchronous rotation to account for the observed range of orientations of cycloids of different ages. We determined the back-rotated longitudes of formation of two cycloid chain examples and used mathematical modeling of europan tidal stresses to show that the tailcrack model for cusp formation is not only viable, but places constraints on the overall development of a cycloid chain by controlling the timing of cusp development within Europa's orbit. For all cusps analyzed, the exact ratio of resolved shear to normal stress required to form the cusp angles by a process of tailcracking, as governed by the principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, is produced at the tip of a shearing cycloid segment during Europa's orbit. Cusp formation occurs after the point in the orbit at which the maximum tensile principal tidal stress occurs, implying that tensile tidal stresses are not directly responsible for cusp development. Instead, cusps develop when a tailcrack forms at the tip of a cycloid segment in response to the highly perturbed stress field induced during concomitant opening and shearing at the tip of the cycloid segment.     

Stability of ice on Mars and the water vapor diurnal cycle: Experimental study of the sublimation of ice through a fine-grained basaltic regolith

In order to advance our understanding of the long-term stability of subsurface ice, the diurnal martian water cycle, and implications for liquid water, we determined diffusion coefficients and adsorption kinetics for the water vapor produced by the sublimation of ice buried beneath various layers of fine-grained (<63, 63-125, and 125-250 μm) basaltic powder under simulated martian conditions. Sublimation rates at shallower depths, <10 mm, were determined to be affected by mass transfer through the atmosphere in addition to the basalt layer. For greater depths, the measured diffusion coefficients for water vapor moving through basalt grains were 1.56±0.53×¹⁰⁻⁴, 2.05±0.82×¹⁰⁻⁴, and for the <63, 63-125, and 125-250 μm basaltic layers, respectively. Through the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) isotherm, which assumes multiple molecular layers of adsorbed water, we determined the adsorption constants of 52.6±8.3 at 270 K for <63 μm, 39.0±6.4 at 267 K for 63-125 μm, and 54.3±9.3 at 266 K for 125-250 μm, resulting in surface areas of 2.6±0.1×¹⁰⁴, 1.7±0.3×¹⁰⁴, , respectively. These results suggest that while diffusion is too rapid to explain the purported diurnal cycle in water content of the atmosphere, adsorption is efficient and rapid, and does provide an effective mechanism to explain such a cycle. The present diffusion data suggest that very thin, <50 pr μm, shallow, 10 mm, ice deposits would last for >10 h at ∼224 K, just above the freezing point of saturated CaCl₂. Temperatures can remain above ∼224 K over most of the planet, which means that water, even as saturated brine, will sublimate before the freezing point is reached and liquid could be formed. On the other hand, 1 m ice layers below 1 m of fine-grained basaltic regolith at 235 K and 10 Pa of atmospheric water could last 600 to 1300 years. At deeper depths and lower temperatures, ice could last since the last major obliquity change 400,000 years ago.     

Titan's surface from the Cassini RADAR radiometry data during SAR mode

We present initial results on the calibration and interpretation of the high-resolution radiometry data acquired during the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode (SAR-radiometry) of the Cassini Radar Mapper during its first five flybys of Saturn's moon Titan.We construct maps of the brightness temperature at the 2-cm wavelength coincident with SAR swath imaging. A preliminary radiometry calibration shows that brightness temperature in these maps varies from 64 to 89 K. Surface features and physical properties derived from the SAR-radiometry maps and SAR imaging are strongly correlated; in general, we find that surface features with high radar reflectivity are associated with radiometrically cold regions, while surface features with low radar reflectivity correlate with radiometrically warm regions. We examined scatterplots of the normalized radar cross-section σ⁰ versus brightness temperature, outlining signatures that characterize various terrains and surface features. The results indicate that volume scattering is important in many areas of Titan's surface, particularly Xanadu, while other areas exhibit complex brightness temperature variations consistent with variable slopes or surface material and compositional properties.     

Dispersion Potential of Selected Iowa Lake Sediments as Influenced by Dissolved and Solid‐phase Constituents

Critics charge that agricultural managers routinely overdose their fields with chemical N and P to levels that exceed the soil's capacity to adsorb these materials, creating a situation that promotes hypoxia in Iowa lakes. Soil colloidal particles, capable of forming complexes with inorganic and organic N and P, control the equilibrium concentration of dissolved nutrients in lake waters. However, it should be realized that adsorbed nutrients also exhibit strong influences on the potential of sediments to undergo dispersion, a condition that may directly impact nutrient bioavailability. Thus, direct links may exist between adsorbed nutrient compositions and flocculation/dispersion properties of lake colloidal material. This paper presents work involving four Iowa lakes undertaken to determine relationships between ion composition and the dispersion potential of sediments. Surface waters and lake‐bottom grab samples were collected at three separate collection times from August to October. Samples were characterized for dissolved and adsorbed cations. Dispersion potential of each water sample was characterized by relating the total suspended solids concentration to the absorbance at 560 nm. It was found that sediment dispersion was easily predictable by a simple yet significant linear correlation with the concentration ratio of Na (CR_Na = [Na]/[Ca]^–1/2) in solution. This correlation was further improved by including Na concentration, CR_K, electrical conductivity, temperature, and solution P concentrations into the model. Nonlinear inter‐dependences were found between TSS and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and adsorbed Na, K, P, and heavy metals. Our analysis suggests that solution/solid phase constituents influenced the dispersion behavior of sediments through subtle manipulations of the excess surface charge.     

Experimental seismic investigation of Sefid‐rud concrete buttress dam model on shaking table

Owing to the devastating M7.6 earthquake of 20 June 1990 that occurred in the northern province of Iran, Sefid‐rud concrete buttress dam located near the epicenter was severely shaken. The crack penetrated throughout the dam thickness near slope discontinuity, causing severe leakage, but with no general failure. In this study, nonlinear seismic response of the highest monolith with empty reservoir is investigated experimentally through model testing. A geometric‐scaled model of 1:30 was tested on a shaking table with high‐frequency capability to study dynamic cracking of the model and serve as data for nonlinear computer model calibration. Three construction joints are set up in the model to simulate effects of construction aspects. The experimental results are then compared with smeared crack and damage mechanics finite‐element simulations using nonlinear concrete constitutive models based on fracture mechanics. The crack patterns obtained from numerical models are in good agreement with those obtained from shaking table tests for the case of including construction joint effects and rigid foundation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.