中国地质灾害防治成效与问题对策

文章回顾了中国地质灾害调查评价、监测预警、综合防治、应急响应、信息化建设、技术装备、技术标准、学术研究、行业进步和法治化建设等工作业绩。中国地质灾害造成的遇难人数1995~2000年年均死亡失踪1205人,2001~2005年均死亡失踪884人,2006~2010年均死亡失踪776人(2010年数据不含甘肃舟曲县城山洪泥石流造成的1765人死亡失踪),2011~2017年均死亡失踪395人,2018年死亡失踪112人。2001~2010年发生地质灾害总数量194702处,平均1.947万处/年;直接经济损失385.3亿元,平均38.5亿元/年,平均19.8万元/处。2011~2018年发生地质灾害总数量为84718处,平均1.06万处/年;直接经济损失355.7亿元,平均44.5亿元/年,平均41.9万元/处。2001年以来城乡社区直接经济损失占国家GDP的比例不断下降,平均年降率为0.016‰。地质灾害成功预报数量占地质灾害总数的比例从2003的5%上升到2018年的20%左右。经过采取各种减灾措施,城乡社区需要应急避险人数逐渐减少。总结了存在的问题和面临的形势,如防灾文化建设薄弱、法制不健全和直接经济损失统计局限于城乡社区而未覆盖工程建设行业的地质灾害等。提出了地质灾害防治要建立政府、企业、个人、社会(包括保险业)和科技界五位一体的防灾减灾“伙伴”关系等对策。     

Escaping the corporate net: Pragmatics of small boat direct marketing in the U.S. Salmon fishing industry of the Northeastern pacific

This article considers corporate power in the fishing industry of southeast Alaska and Puget Sound, Washington State, USA, as experienced by direct marketing salmon gillnet fishermen. Tracing the evolution of a small family-based fish business, this paper examines survival strategies of independent fishermen in a context of concentrated corporate power. Topics addressed include corporate domination of the fishing industry, “niche” alternatives to the commodity system, alliance with the farmers’ market movement, obstacles to direct sales and the critical role of family participation.     

三维层状黏弹性半空间中球面SH、P和SV波源自由场

采用刚度矩阵方法结合Hankel积分变换,求解了层状黏弹性半空间中球面SH、P和SV波的自由波场.首先,在柱坐标系下建立层状黏弹性半空间的反轴对称(柱面SH波)和轴对称(柱面P-SV波)情况精确动力刚度矩阵.进而由Hankel变换将空间域内的球面波展开为波数域内柱面波的叠加,然后将球面波源所在层的上下端面固定,求得固定层内的动力响应和固定端面反力,将固端反力反向施加到层状黏弹性半空间上,采用直接刚度法求得固端反力的动力响应,叠加固定层内和固端反力动力响应,求得波数域内球面波源动力响应.最后由Hankel积分逆变换求得频率-空间域内球面波源自由场,时域结果由傅里叶逆变换求得.文中验证了方法的正确性,并以均匀半空间和基岩上单一土层中球面SH、P和SV波为例分别在频域和时域内进行了数值计算分析.研究表明基岩上单一土层中球面波自由场与均匀半空间情况有着本质差异;基岩上单一土层中球面波位移频谱峰值频率与场地固有频率相对应,基岩面的存在使得基岩上单一土层地表点的位移时程非常复杂,振动持续时间明显增长;阻尼的增大显著降低了动力响应的峰值,同时也显著减少了波在土层的往复次数.     

东亚地区矿物尘气溶胶直接辐射强迫的初步模拟研究

为研究东亚地区矿物尘气溶胶的直接辐射效应,在区域气候模式RegCM3中加入起尘方案、建立矿物尘气溶胶输送模式,并将其辐射过程加入区域气候模式的辐射方案.通过对2001年3月～2002年3月的模拟发现：中国西北和蒙古国年平均地表起尘率在1μg/(m2·s)以上,最大达到90μg/(m2·s)是东亚地区最主要的矿物尘气溶胶源地;东亚地区矿物尘气溶胶柱含量最大值达5g/m2,出现在塔克拉玛干沙漠和秦岭地区;气溶胶大气顶直接辐射强迫基本呈现大陆上为正、海洋上正负均有的分布特征,区域平均辐射强迫在春夏秋冬分别为108, 088, 037,040W/m2,短波辐射强迫在陆上为正、海上正负均有,长波辐射强迫均为正值;四季的地表辐射强迫分别为-564, -225, -137, -187W/m2;辐射强迫数值对矿物尘气溶胶单次散射反照率的变化较敏感.     

直流电阻率法2.5维正演的外推瀑布式多重网格法

引入外推瀑布式多重网格法(EXCMG)求解2.5维直流电阻率有限元计算形成的大型稀疏线性方程组,结合基于地址矩阵的压缩存贮方式以及最优化离散波数,使得2.5维电阻率正演程序的计算速度大大提高而内存需求大大减小.研究结果表明:EXCMG法的收敛速度与网格尺寸无关,计算速度明显优于不完全Cholesky共轭梯度(ICCG)...     

除砷技术现状与展望

随着除砷技术的发展,生物法和硫化法等除砷技术已应用于工业除砷,混凝法、离子交换法和直接沉淀法等除砷技术在废水除砷中也已广泛应用。在综述了近年来除砷技术在工业中和含砷废水处理上的应用后,对其中各种技术进行了分析,并对我国除砷技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

Influence of Redox Mediators and Electron Donors on the Anaerobic Removal of Color and Chemical Oxygen Demand from Textile Effluent

Color removal was evaluated in anaerobic assays using synthetic (SE) and real (RE) effluents containing the dye Direct Black 22 (DB22). The focus was on the individual influence of two electron donors (EDs), sucrose and ethanol; and their combination with two redox mediators (RMs), lawsone and riboflavin. In addition to SE assays, the EDs were combined with sulfate which was present in the RE. Distinct behavior was observed with both assays. In the case of SE, using the EDs sucrose and ethanol resulted in DB22 removal efficiency of 93 and 83%, respectively; but only 27% in the control. The respective removal rates were 27.8‐ and 4.4‐fold higher than that of the control. Using the EDs with the RM lawsone resulted in color removal higher than that with riboflavin. Interestingly, in the ethanol + sulfate assay, late release of the last was observed, possibly due to the desulfonation reaction of the aromatic structures during the DB22 molecule breakdown. In the case of RE, no improvement was observed with either EDs; and some combinations with the RMs even resulted in decreased color removal. Therefore, the used EDs and RMs showed positive effect on color removal in SEs; but unexpectedly not in REs.     

Use of high-resolution satellite data,GIS and NRCS-CN technique for the estimation of rainfall-induced run-off in small catchment of Jharkhand India

The present study demonstrates the use of NRCS-CN technique for rainfall-induced run-off estimation using high-resolution satellite data for small watershed of Palamu district, Jharkhand. The CN model was applied to the daily rainfall data of 15 years (1986–2000) along with use of large-scale thematic maps (1:10,000) pertaining to land use/land cover using IRS-P6 LISS-IV satellite data. The LU/LC map was spatially intersected with the hydrological soil group map to calculate the watershed area under different hydrological similar units for assigning CN values to compute discharge. The study showed that Daltonganj watershed exhibits an average run-off volume of 7,881,019 m³ from an average cumulative monsoon rainfall of 821 mm and the average actual direct run-off generated during the southwest monsoon season was 203 mm. The strong correlation between rainfall and run-off as well as between observed run-off and estimated run-off indicated high accuracy of run-off estimation by NRCS-CN technique.     

DLT方法在遥感相机几何定标中的应用

为建立适用于遥感相机定标的实验室,需要有几何标定的算法和软件对摄影图像进行计算.使用近景摄影测量中基于3维控制场的定标方法,对单CCD四波段遥感相机进行了几何定标,研究并自主编程实现了直接线性变换DLT(Direct Linear Transformation)算法,与基于空间后方交会算法的定标结果进行了精度对比.结论...     

全球对外直接投资的新特点

投资自由是经济全球化的重要动力机制,随着世界经济全球化程度不断加深,对外直接投资（ＦＤＩ）出现了许多新特点,以资源优化配置带动的ＦＤＩ迅猛发展,跨国公司的生产经营和研究开发活动日益全球化,企业的跨国并购加剧,本文运用翔实的资料,对全球ＦＤＩ的新特点进行了分析研究。