声波方程频率域高精度正演的17点格式及数值实现

频率域正演计算是频率域全波形反演的基础.传统的最优9点格式只具有二阶精度,不能满足高精度地震成像的需要.本文考虑两个四阶精度的格式,即经典的四阶9点格式和优化的17点格式.17点格式可将最小波长内所需网格点数减小到2.56.通过在简单模型和Overthrust模型上的数值实验,比较分析了三种格式的正演效果;简单模型数值实验显示了17点格式克服频散误差的能力优于四阶9点格式和最优9点格式;复杂模型数值实验则进一步承认了算法的可行性.     

一种优化的频率域三维声波有限差分模拟方法

为提高频率域有限差分（FD,finite-difference）正演模拟技术的计算精度和效率,基于旋转坐标系统的优化差分格式被广泛应用,但是只应用于正方形网格的情况.基于平均导数法（ADM）的优化差分格式,应用于正方形和长方形网格模拟.这些频率域有限差分算子,各自具有不同的差分格式和对应的优化系数求解表达式.本文基于三维声波方程发展了一种新的优化方法,只要给定FD模板形式,可直接构造频散方程,求取FD模板上各节点的优化系数.此方法的优点在于频率域FD算子的优化系数对应各个节点,可扩展优化其他格式.运用此优化方法,计算得到了不同空间采样间距比情况下27点和7点格式的优化系数.数值实验表明,优化27点格式与ADM 27点格式具有相同的精度,优化7点格式比经典的7点格式具有更小的数值频散.     

基于广义旋转法双九点格式标量波方程数值模拟

前人虽然基于传统旋转法提出了四阶精度最优17点差分格式,用于提高频率域地震波场数值模拟精度,但其仅适用于等网格间距的情形.这大大限制了该格式的使用范围.为了进一步提高17点有限差分格式的数值精度并将其推广到矩形网格,本文基于二阶精度有限差分算子利用广义旋转法提出了双九点格式,由于其差分格点与前人17点格式在分布上一样,所以也可称为二阶精度最优17点格式,但由差分格式构造原理上来讲,称其为双九点格式更妥.前人四阶精度17点格式仅为本文等网格间距情形时的特殊情况,本文方法单位波长网格点数仅需要2.2个即可.本文格式在继承传统旋转法良好几何旋转性质的同时,拥有平均导数方法适用于矩形网格的特点,和平均导数法所得的广义17点格式相比,本文格式数值精度更高,数值频散抑制性能和差分算子对称性更好.同时,本文双九点格式方法和思想对于后人借助传统九点格式的构造方法将其扩展到17点格式求解各类波动方程具有十分重要的意义.     

Feasibility of signal enhancement with multiple grounded‐wire sources for a frequency‐domain electromagnetic survey

Frequency‐domain electromagnetic methods with a grounded‐wire source are powerful tools in geophysical exploration. However, the signal may be too weak to guarantee the quality of survey data in complex electromagnetic environments, especially when the receiver is located in the air for the newly developed grounded‐source airborne frequency‐domain electromagnetic method. In this paper, a signal enhancement method with multiple sources is proposed to solve this problem. To evaluate the signal enhancement effect, we compared the signals generated by a single source and multiple sources with equal electric moment. The signal differences caused by synchronisation error and separation distance between source elements were analysed, and the methods to achieve maximum signal were introduced. Besides, we discussed the interaction between adjacent source elements to ensure the system safety, including the changes in output current and the safe distance between two sources using a dual‐source model. Lastly, a comprehensive field experiment was designed and conducted to test the multiple‐source method. The data processing results are comparable for single and dual sources, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio of dual source is higher in the field test. The subsurface resistivity structure at the test site is consistent with the previous controlled‐source audio‐frequency magnetotellurics method. These results show that signal enhancement with multiple sources is feasible. This study provides guidance to the application of multiple sources in field surveys when the survey environment is complex and rigorous.     

基于卷积完全匹配层的非规则网格时域有限元探地雷达数值模拟

复频移完全匹配层(Complex Frequency-Shifted PML,CFS-PML)在长时间时域计算中对凋落波、倏失波具有好的吸收效果,并被广泛应用于时域有限差分模拟中.而本文采用卷积方法将CFS-PML应用于时域有限元求解GPR波动方程的数值模拟中.论文以TM波为例,推导了基于CPML(Convolutional PML)边界的时域有限元GPR波动方程求解公式,采用Newmark-β方法对时间导数进行离散,有效改善了时域有限元GPR数值计算程序的稳定性.并以狭长模型为例,开展了CPML边界中关键参数m、R和κ的选取实验,通过对比反射误差大小确定了综合最优参数组合.相同时刻UPML与CPML波场快照、3个检测点的反射误差比较,说明CPML较UPML具有更好的吸收效果.最后,采用非规则四边形网格对1个复杂GPR模型进行剖分,应用加载CPML边界条件的FETD程序对该模型进行了正演,得到了二维剖面法、宽角法正演GPR剖面图,说明非规则四边形对复杂模型的良好适应性,基于CPML边界条件的FETD可有效减少边界反射误差,能实现对任意复杂不规则模型的正演模拟.     

The use of 3D modeling for the prediction of the seismic demands on the gravity dams

Seismic behavior of gravity dams has long been evaluated using a representative two‐dimensional (2D) system. Formulated for the gravity dams built in wide canyons, the assumption is nevertheless utilized extensively for almost all concrete dams due to the established procedures as well as the expected computational costs of a three‐dimensional model. However, a significant number of roller‐compacted concrete dams, characterized as such systems, do not conform to the basic assumptions of these methods by violating the conditions on canyon dimensions and joint‐spacing/details. Based on the premise that the 2D modeling assumption is overstretched for practical purposes in a variety of settings, the purpose of this study is to critically evaluate the use of 2D modeling for the prediction of the seismic demands on these systems. Using a rigorous soil–structure interaction approach, the difference between the two and three‐dimensional response for gravity dams was investigated first in the frequency domain for a range of canyon widths and foundation to dam moduli ratios. Then, the time domain differences between the crest displacements and the maximum principal stress were obtained using 70 different ground motions in order to show the possible bias introduced into the analysis results due to the modeling approach. The results of the study show that even for relatively wide canyons, the 2D analysis can lead to misleading predictions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不规则波下船舶运动响应特征数值分析

针对不规则波浪作用下Wigley型船的运动响应问题进行了系统的研究,采用统计学方法深入探讨了船舶不规则运动幅值和响应周期的分布规律,并通过傅里叶变换对船舶运动响应进行了频谱特征分析。结果表明,船舶横摇方向与升沉和纵摇方向随机运动的响应特征有显著差异。在升沉与纵摇方向,波浪谱峰频率远离自振频率,前十分之一大振幅运动对应周期离散性较小,基本稳定在波浪谱峰周期附近,但小振幅运动周期分布离散性较大,频谱分析指出船舶升沉与纵摇运动响应频谱在波浪谱峰频率附近出现明显峰值。而在横摇方向,波浪谱峰频率与自振频率相耦合,不同振幅的横摇运动响应周期均稳定在自振周期附近,且周期离散性较小,频谱分析也表明横摇运动响应频谱主要集中于船舶运动自振频率附近。     

天津港“8·12”爆炸事件记录波形分析

利用天津地震台网23个短周期地震仪记录到的2015年8月12日天津港爆炸事件波形数据,对事件进行初步分析和研究。分别使用能量包络线法和波形匹配法,共识别出4次爆炸事件,并结合波形互相关的主事件定位法对爆炸事件进行定位。分析结果表明:第一次爆炸发生的时间为2015年8月12日23时34分4秒,1.77s后发生了规模更大的二号爆炸事件;34.11s后又发生了最强的三号爆炸事件;86.33s再一次发生了能量较弱的四号爆炸事件,其中二号与三号爆炸事件相距65~70m,二号与四号事件相距160~170m。此外,通过选用爆破、矿塌、核爆和天然地震等不同类型事件的波形数据,从时间域和频率域分别对这些事件进行对比分析,发现其震相特征表现出明显差异。     

绕射波逆时偏移成像方法研究

地震剖面中的绕射点反应地下断层、尖灭、溶洞等不连续体的位置信息,因此绕射波对于实现小尺度构造的精细成像具有重要意义.基于逆时偏移的绕射波成像方案包括乘法成像条件法和倾角域拾取法.乘法成像条件利用正\负倾角构造剖面相乘实现绕射点的定位,倾角域拾取法则根据绕射波能量在角度域的特征进行拾取.其中,通过Hilbert变换和伴随...     

基于CityGML的遥感信息共享研究

在参考现有地物分类标准和CityGML要素类型基础上,探讨遥感专题模型的设计方法,分析基于CityGML的几何拓扑、语义属性信息表达机制,并以一小区域数据验证了方法的可行性。