乌鳢的消化器官与其机能适应性的讨论

本文从乌鳢消化器官的形态学与组织学方面,就各消化器官与其机能的适应性作了初步探讨。各器官均与其食性和捕食方式相适应。     

中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)视神经节神经内分泌细胞电生理特征

利用膜片钳技术对体外培养24—48h中国对虾的视神经节端髓A型和B型神经内分泌细胞进行电生理特征研究。电流钳的结果表明，A型细胞具有自发和诱发放电活动；B型细胞没有记录到明显放电活动。在电压钳模式下，中国对虾视神经节神经内分泌细胞表达TTX敏感Na^ 通道、高电压激活L型Ca^2 通道、TEA敏感晚钾通道、早钾通道。Ca^2 通道电流在-40— -30mV被激活，在-10—0mV时达到峰值；Ca电流受钳制电压的影响。一定电压范围内，钳制电压越负，Ca电流就越大。外向的钾通道电流均在-40mV左右被激活。晚钾通道电流对TEA敏感，但TEA不能完全阻断晚钾通道电流。     

甲壳动物渗透压调节的研究进展Ⅱ．排泄器官的结构与功能

甲壳动物渗透压除了由鳃上皮执行调节外,还与触角腺、小颚腺等排泄器官有关.由于其迷路和原肾管由具有典型离子转运结构的细胞组成,因而这些器官不仅具有排泄代谢废物的功能,还在渗透压调节、酸碱平衡等方面具有重要的生理作用.     

条石鲷消化道发育的组织学观察

对人工养殖的条石鲷（Oplegnathus fasciatus）仔、幼稚鱼消化道及消化腺的发育过程进行了系统的组织学观察。研究表明： 初孵仔鱼 （体长1.66～2.20 mm）的消化道完全处于未分化状态。1 日龄仔鱼全长1.83～2.32 mm, 消化道中部开始形成空腔, 为初始的消化道腔。2 日龄仔鱼全长2.61～2...     

Assessment of sacrificial anode impact by aluminum accumulation in mussel Mytilus edulis: a large-scale laboratory test

Since the early 1960s, the application of aluminum alloy sacrificial anodes to mitigate marine corrosion has been well known. The aim of this work was to study aluminum bioconcentration in Mytilus edulis by an in vitro test performed in two tanks: the first containing non-contaminated water (NCW) and the second containing aluminum-contaminated water (CW) (530 μg L⁻¹) released by sacrificial anode. The mussels were collected and examined over a period of 8 weeks. A comparison between the aluminum concentrations in the digestive glands of mussels from the CW and NCW tanks shows that the highest value (1700 mg/kg d.w.) was found in the CW mussels collected after 13 days. In NCW, the mean aluminum concentration in digestive glands during the test was 281 mg/kg d.w. The rapid concentration decrease in digestive glands is probably due to the inhibition of filtering activity due to valve closure at the high concentration as well as the induction of the detoxification response.     

Concentration and distribution of 210Po in the tissues of the scallop Chlamys varia and the mussel Mytilus edulis from the coasts of Charente-Maritime (France)

Polonium-210 (210Po) has been analysed in the soft parts of two bivalves species, the scallop Chlamys varia and the common mussel Mytilus edulis, from the Bay of La Rochelle and Ré Island, on the French Atlantic coast. Between those sites, the highest 210Po concentrations have been found in whole scallop soft parts from La Rochelle, reaching 1,181 +/- 29 Bq kg(-1) dry weight (dwt), a size effect being related to the highest 210Po concentration in the smallest scallops. The results show a significant difference in concentrations for similar size individuals between species in each site (C. varia > M. edulis) and between sites for each species (Ré Island > Bay of La Rochelle). Very high 210Po concentrations have been found in the digestive gland of C varia, ranging 3,150-4,637 Bq kg(-1) dwt. Thus, the digestive gland contains up to 60% of the radionuclide. Subcellular investigations have shown that approximately 40% of the 210Po contained in the digestive gland is in the cytosolic fraction, suggesting a high bioavailability of the 210Po from this fraction to the trophic upper level. Calculations will show that approximately 4 kg of scallops flesh intake would be necessary to reach the annual incorporation limit of 1 mSv.     

Influence of Probiotics on the Growth and Digestive Enzyme Activity of White Pacific Shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamel）

The influence of Bacillus probiotics on the digestive enzyme activity and the growth of Litopenaeus vannamei were de-termined in this study. The shrimp was treated with five percentages (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5) of probiotics (Bacillus spp.) supple-mented to the feed and cultured for 45d. The growth measured as the weight gain at the end of culturing was significantly (P<0.05) higher in probiotic-treated shrimps than that of the control (without receiving probiotics). Activities of protease and amylase, two digestive enzymes of the midgut gland and the intestine were significantly (P<0.05) higher in probiotic-treated shrimp than in the control.     

促激素及其受体在雄性半滑舌鳎脑垂体和精巢中的定位

应用兔抗血清对抗鱼类和哺乳类促激素及其受体的多克隆抗体对雄性半滑舌鳎脑垂体和精巢进行了免疫组织化学定位.其结果显示GnRHR、LHR和GtH免疫活性定位在不同发育时期的腺垂体和精巢中.GtH免疫阳性细胞的数量和免疫强度随着精巢发育成熟而明显增强.同时还发现睾酮（T）和雄激素受体（AR）在半滑舌鳎精巢中的定位有别于其他鱼类,尤其是雄激素受体（AR）免疫活性在精原细胞中的数量很少.依据这个特点文中还讨论了其可能与精巢发育的关系,同时证明了半滑舌鳎精巢发育像其他硬骨鱼类一样受激素的调控.     

南美白对虾早期幼体消化酶活力的研究

以酶学分析方法对南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei Boone)幼体及仔虾 4种消化酶的活力进行了分析测定,结果表明:南美白对虾早期幼体消化酶活力表现差异,类胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶的活力为无节幼体(N)<溞状幼体(Z)<糠虾幼体(M)<仔虾(P),类胰蛋白酶的活力比胃蛋白酶高2倍左右;淀粉酶的活力Z-M期表现较高,以后随幼体发育淀粉酶活力明显降低;脂肪酶活力在早期幼体发育阶段变化不大,且活力较低。     

Antioxidant responses to variations in dissolved oxygen of Scapharca inaequivalvis and Tapes philippinarum, two bivalve species from the lagoon of Venice

The aim of the present work was to determine the activities of selected antioxidant enzymes (SOD, Se-GPX, CAT) in two species of bivalves, Scapharca inaequivalvis and Tapes philippinarum, from two sites of the lagoon of Venice that are characterized by different pO(2) (Marghera and Chioggia). The specimens were collected at four times during a 1-year period. In the two species studied, enzyme activities were found to be present in both digestive glands and gills, but with some species-specific differences that may also represent a different adaptation to seasonal variations. The presence of high SOD activities in the gills of both species may be related to their physiological role in respiration. Scapharca inaequivalvis is less sensitive than T. philippinarum to environmental changes, perhaps due to the presence of hemoglobins in this species. Moreover, in the digestive gland of T. philippinarum we found a significant negative correlation between the activities of SOD and GPX that may indicate the presence of oxidative stress. Some correlations between temperature/dissolved oxygen and antioxidant enzyme activity were present in specimens sampled in Marghera. Only GPX adequately responded to changes in dissolved oxygen and temperature, while the decrease in the activity of SOD and CAT in winter may be directly responsible for an enhanced susceptibility of mussels to oxidative stress during this period. We can conclude that the observed differences between Chioggia and Marghera are due to different concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Marghera is an appropriate location to study seasonal variations in water temperature. In fact, in this site, the differences between hot and cold months are quite evident.