基于遥感分类的植被覆盖度提取

阐述了基于遥感分类进行植被覆盖度提取的方法,分析了直接利用关系模型提取植被覆盖度的缺点,遥感分类可获得不同类型地物,此后关系模型分别提取,解决了直接利用关系模型提取中存在的缺点.     

坦噶尼喀湖东北部入湖河流表层沉积物中磷的形态和分布特征

磷是坦噶尼喀湖生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,直接决定湖体初级生产力的高低,进而影响到周边居民对于动物蛋白的获取来源.为了解坦噶尼喀湖磷的外源输入,选择湖泊东北部的入湖河流,对表层沉积物(16个样点)中总磷(TP)和各形态磷含量及其分布特征进行分析,并探讨磷的形态分布特征与土地利用方式之间的相关关系.结果表明,入湖河流沉积物TP含量为73.05~239.94 mg/kg,平均含量为152.64±55.37 mg/kg,其中最高值出现在马拉加拉西河口.采用Psenner法对磷进行连续浸提并比较不同形态磷含量,由高及低依次为铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)钙结合态磷(CaP)有机磷(Org-P)残渣态磷(Res-P)弱吸附态磷(Labile-P).土地利用类型对TP及各形态磷含量影响较大,其中TP含量表现为河口湿地城镇附近林草地区,表明地表径流和人类活动会对TP含量产生影响,而对于不同形态磷含量,Laible-P、Fe/Al-P、Org-P含量均表现为河口湿地林草地城镇附近,Ca-P、Res-P含量均表现为城镇附近河口湿地林草地.分析沉积物理化性质与各磷形态之间的相关性,发现沉积物总氮(TN)、有机质和总有机碳与Fe/Al-P、LabileP和TP相关性较好,与Org-P、Ca-P和Res-P相关性较差,表明TN和有机质的输入,会伴随沉积物中磷含量的升高,其增量的赋存形态主要为氧化还原敏感态磷和Labile-P.沉积物粒径组成与各磷形态含量存在相关性,细粒径沉积物与各形态磷含量呈显著正相关,粗粒径沉积物与各形态磷呈显著负相关,表明细小颗粒更易吸附磷.     

夏季西藏4个站点大气向下长波辐射观测分析

对2011—2016年部分夏季时段分别在西藏那曲、拉萨、林芝和阿里观测的大气向下长波辐射（L_↓）进行分析,结果显示:L_↓具有明显的日变化,最大值出现在北京时间15:00前后,而最低值出现在凌晨至10:00,日平均值林芝最高（368 W·m-2）,其次是拉萨（319 W·m-2）、阿里（305 W·m-2）和那曲（299 W·m-2）。晴天L_↓ ?ngstr?m（1915）的经验公式最适合林芝,而Konzelmann（1994）的公式则适合那曲、拉萨和阿里;随着人工观测总云量的增加,L_↓增强趋势明显,满云（云量7~10成）情形4个站点云增强效应均从20 W·m-2上升至50 W·m-2以上,低云量对L_↓的增强效应明显高于总云量。云份额数（C_F）上升所对应天顶方向平均云底高度下降,但云增强效应上升。在晴天（C_F为-5%~5%、平均云底高度大于4 km）时,云增强效应仅为5 W·m-2左右（林芝接近20 W·m-2）,但当C_F为90%以上（云底高度小于3.5 km）时,云增强效应则上升到60 W·m-2（林芝接近50 W·m-2）。固定云底高度,C_F与L_↓云增强效应呈显著相关（r2为0.91~0.97）,远高于云底高度与L_↓云增强效应的相关（r2为0.32~0.58）。     

Seasonal dynamics of N:P ratio stoichiometry and Ca fraction for four dominant plants in the Alxa Desert

Desert plants take on unique physiologically adaptive mechanisms in response to an adverse environment. In this study, we determined the concentrations of leaf nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and calcium(Ca) fraction for dominant species of Artemisia ordosica, A. frigida, Calligonum mongolicum, and Oxytropis aciphylla in the Alxa Desert and discussed seasonal changes of their leaf N:P ratio and Ca fraction. The results showed that, from May to September, the N:P ratios of A. ordosica and C. mongolicum gradually and significantly increased, while those of A. frigida, and O. aciphylla had an increase trend that was not significant; the physiologically active Ca of A. ordosica and A. frigida increased significantly,while that of C. mongolicum and O. aciphylla decreased significantly. The physiologically inert calcium of C. mongolicum increased extremely significantly, while that of others was not significant. There was a significantly positive correlation between the N:P ratio and physiologically active Ca for A. ordosica, and the N:P ratio was significantly and negatively correlated with physiologically active Ca for O. aciphylla. These findings revealed that the physiological regulation mechanism was different for the plants either in earlier stage or later stage of plant-community succession.     

“一带一路”区域水电站工程生态环境影响遥感监测

为实现“一带一路”区域可持续发展,我国倡导绿色、低碳、循环、可持续的生产生活方式,建设绿色“一带一路”。遥感技术在生态环境监测与评价方面具有重要作用。本文以“一带一路”区域中国援建的水电站工程为研究对象,基于陆地系列卫星(Landsat)、哨兵2号（Sentinel-2）等遥感对地观测数据,利用决策树与缓冲区分析等方法,从水电站库区概况、水电站对植被生长状况与生态资源影响等方面,开展“一带一路”区域水电站项目建设对当地经济发展和生态环境影响的遥感监测及分析。本文首先根据遥感影像与DEM确定库区及库容,结合最小外接正方形面积比及平均宽度等指标确定各水电站缓冲区类型和范围。利用NDWI及NDVI构建决策树模型,提取各缓冲区土地利用类型,分为水体、林地、草地、耕地和其它5类;结合区域植被覆盖度,估算库区生态占用并对水电站建成前后的土地利用类型和植被变化进行分析。研究结果表明：① “一带一路”沿线10座水电站造成的生态损失与库区面积呈正相关,不同工程间,在水体、林地、草地、耕地和其它方面的损失面积大小存在较大差异;② 土地利用类型与植被覆盖度年均变化幅度约为0.35%、1.27%,水电站修建对周边生态资源与植被生长状况影响较小,同时在植被覆盖度较低的地区水电站的修建会明显改善周边环境;③ 各水电站周边的植被覆盖度差异较大,大部分水电站周边植被生长状况良好;④ 水电站建设始终坚持工程建设与环境保护并重,从施工设计到水电站后期维护期间,积极采取环保措施,减少占用,保护生物多样性,生态风险防范得当;⑤ 水电站提供了优质的清洁能源,促进了当地经济和社会发展。     

Properties of a Diffusive Hydrograph and the Interpretation of Its Single Parameter

The mathematical properties of the normalized diffusive hydrograph allow for easy determination of intrinsic basin characteristics. These include lag times between storm events and peak flow, recession rate, and the total, temporally integrated flow volume, all in terms of a single parameter, the basin time constant “b”. This simple function displays surprising fidelity to measured hydrographs of springs and hundreds of streams and small rivers. We explain this fidelity by showing that the curvature of the theoretical hydrograph matches that of the natural hydrographs better than several alternate models, and by demonstrating that the simple hydrograph function can be integrated over a range of time constants (0 to b _max) to represent the hierarchy of flow paths of varying lengths that exist in real watersheds. Surprisingly, the unwieldy analytical results from this integration are almost numerically indistinguishable from a simple hydrograph using a single, suitably-weighted average for the time constant. The peak flow times are shifted slightly. The accuracy with which the simple hydrograph approximates the integrated results for hierarchies of hydrographs representing individual flow paths explains why the former can realistically describe the discharge behaviors of complex natural watersheds.     

Sequential extraction of heavy metals during composting of urban waste

In urban waste （the first matter of compost）, elements such as copper, nickel and lead may be found in metallic state （wire, pile, accumulator, etc.）, which is considered as non-dependent state. The work undertaken at the laboratory of composting of the INRST in Henchir Lihoudia （Tunis） showed that the produced compost does not contain any mobile metallic element and the portion related to organic fraction （bioavailable） is tiny in size. We supposed that many reactions involving decomposition and complexation from elements related to the matrix components occurred during composting. The existence and importance of this phenomenon can be evaluated by studying the evolution of metal contents in the different fractions extracted sequentially during composting process.     

Defining optimal DEM resolutions and point densities for modelling hydrologically sensitive areas in agricultural catchments dominated by microtopography

Defining critical source areas (CSAs) of diffuse pollution in agricultural catchments depends upon the accurate delineation of hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) at highest risk of generating surface runoff pathways. In topographically complex landscapes, this delineation is constrained by digital elevation model (DEM) resolution and the influence of microtopographic features. To address this, optimal DEM resolutions and point densities for spatially modelling HSAs were investigated, for onward use in delineating CSAs. The surface runoff framework was modelled using the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) and maps were derived from 0.25 m LiDAR DEMs (40 bare-earth points m⁻²), resampled 1 m and 2 m LiDAR DEMs, and a radar generated 5 m DEM. Furthermore, the resampled 1 m and 2 m LiDAR DEMs were regenerated with reduced bare-earth point densities (5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 points m⁻²) to analyse effects on elevation accuracy and important microtopographic features. Results were compared to surface runoff field observations in two 10 km² agricultural catchments for evaluation. Analysis showed that the accuracy of modelled HSAs using different thresholds (5%, 10% and 15% of the catchment area with the highest TWI values) was much higher using LiDAR data compared to the 5 m DEM (70–100% and 10–84%, respectively). This was attributed to the DEM capturing microtopographic features such as hedgerow banks, roads, tramlines and open agricultural drains, which acted as topographic barriers or channels that diverted runoff away from the hillslope scale flow direction. Furthermore, the identification of ‘breakthrough’ and ‘delivery’ points along runoff pathways where runoff and mobilised pollutants could be potentially transported between fields or delivered to the drainage channel network was much higher using LiDAR data compared to the 5 m DEM (75–100% and 0–100%, respectively). Optimal DEM resolutions of 1–2 m were identified for modelling HSAs, which balanced the need for microtopographic detail as well as surface generalisations required to model the natural hillslope scale movement of flow. Little loss of vertical accuracy was observed in 1–2 m LiDAR DEMs with reduced bare-earth point densities of 2–5 points m⁻², even at hedgerows. Further improvements in HSA models could be achieved if soil hydrological properties and the effects of flow sinks (filtered out in TWI models) on hydrological connectivity are also considered.     

中国西北地区蒸发散量计算的遥感研究

自然陆面区域蒸发散的教育处是一个复杂的问题，在利用遥感资料求取地表特征参数的基础上，首先建立了2种极端条件下（裸露地表和全植被覆盖）的裸土蒸发和全植被覆盖蒸散计算模型，然后结合植被覆盖度给出非均匀陆面条件下的区域蒸发散计算方法，实测资料验算表明该模型具有较高的计算精度，最后利用该模型对我国西北5省区的蒸发散量进行了计算，并对该研究区蒸发散的特点进行了分析。     

Mapping urban growth of the capital city of Honduras from Landsat data using the impervious surface fraction algorithm

This study developed an impervious surface fraction algorithm (ISFA) for automatic mapping of urban areas from Landsat data. We processed the data for 2001 and 2014 to trace the urbanization of Tegucigalpa, the capital city of Honduras, using a four-step procedure: (1) data pre-processing to perform image reflectance normalization, (2) quantification of impervious surface area (ISA) using ISFA, (3) accuracy assessment of mapping results and (4) change analysis of urban growth. The mapping results compared with the ground reference data confirmed the validity of ISFA for automatic delineation of ISA in the study region. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient achieved for 2001 were 92.8% and 0.86, while the values for 2014 were 91.8% and 0.84, respectively. The results of change detection between the classification maps indicated that ISA increased approximately 1956.7 ha from 2001 to 2014, mainly attributing to the increase of the city’s population.