旅游影响调适系统研究

旅游发展对目的地产生各种影响,如何调适旅游影响对目的地非常重要。该文从系统论的角度探讨旅游影响调适问题,分析旅游影响的形成机制,认为旅游影响是旅游影响动力因子模块、旅游影响应力因子模块及旅游影响规范因子模块在旅游影响场的作用下形成的。在此基础上探讨旅游影响调适机理及调适流程,指出旅游影响调适是旅游调适主体通过旅游制度创新系统对旅游利益相关者发生作用而进行的。根据调适机理和调适流程,建立旅游影响调适库,认为旅游影响调适的4个分目标(减量、扩容、治理和适应)通过旅游制度创新系统及其派生措施来实现。     

Spurious Clusters in Granulometric Data Caused by Logratio Transformation

The logratio transformation aims to eliminate spurious correlations between components of compositional data. When applying this method to granulometric data, there arise numerical problems with zero (empty) components. In this paper, the method of logratio transformation with zero replacement is examined using one natural and two simulated granulometric data sets. The results show that this method generates spurious clusters, and thus it is not appropriate for the investigation of grain-size data in particular, and of compositional data with zero components in general.     

Fractal analysis of long-range paleoclimatic data: Oxygen isotope record of pacific core V28-239

R/S analysis of the oxygen isotope curve of Pacific core V28-239 yields a fractal dimension of 1.22. This value is considered to characterize global climatic change over the last 2 million years as expressed by changing O¹⁸ ratios and confirms that climatic variations are characterized by long-term persistence. The fractal dimension of 1.22 compares favorably with the approximate fractal dimension of 1.26 for annual precipitation records for nine major cities in the United States. Although the precipitation and oxygen isotope data are measured in different physical units and recorded at different time scales, fractal analysis allows for a mathematical comparison of the two phenomena. Additionally, since the fractal dimensions of the oxygen isotope and precipitation records are similar, it is implied that such fractal dimensions are characteristic of climate change over the spectral range of 10 to 10⁶ years. Given this temperature curves based on fractal parameters of long-term O¹⁸ data could be constructed which would allow examination of characteristics of temperature variation over tens and hundreds of years. Such studies may allow the establishment of limits on natural temperature variation and document the persistence of temperature trends through time. If these trends and limits can be resolved, long-range climatic prediction is feasible.     

GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo多系统融合在中国区域的仿真分析

通过STK软件对GPS、BDS、GLONASS、Galileo四个系统的星座结构进行仿真,并选择单系统与多系统组合定位的方式对中国区域内的可见卫星数、GDOP值和定位精度进行覆盖分析。结果表明,GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo四系统组合定位在我国的GDOP值可达0.7~0.8,定位精度可达3~4m,优于其他方式的组合定位;同时四系统组合定位下的GDOP值降低,定位精度更好,GDOP值与定位精度的波动异常得到了抑制,导航定位的性能与稳定性也得到了相应的提升。     

Performance of various similarity functions for nondimensional wind and temperature profiles in the surface layer in stable conditions

The linear functions for non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles are commonly used to describe the surface layer fluxes in atmospheric models. However, their applicability is limited to smaller values of the stability parameter z/L (where z is the height above ground and L is the Obukhov length) i.e. z/L < 1.0. These linear functions have been modified (Webb 1970, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 96, 67–90; Clarke 1970, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 96, 91–114; Hicks 1976, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 102, 535–551; Beljaars and Holtslag 1991, J. Appl. Meteorol. 30, 327–341; Cheng and Brutsaert 2005, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 114, 519–538) over the years for calculating fluxes when z/L > 1.0 under strongly stable conditions. In view of this, the objective of the present study is to analyze the performance of these similarity functions to compute surface fluxes in stable conditions.The meteorological observations from the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) experiment are utilized for computing the surface fluxes in stable conditions. The computed fluxes are found to be reasonably close to those observed. The ratio of observed to computed fluxes reveals that the computed fluxes are close to the observations for all the similarity functions for z/L < 1.0 whereas the computed values show relatively a large scatter from observations for z/L > 1.0. The computed values of u and heat flux do not show significant differences from those observed at 99% confidence limit. The performance of all the similarity functions considered here is found to be comparable to each other in strongly stable conditions.     

关于二轴晶矿物光性正负判别式的讨论

作者同意刘智星的论断:旧的二轴晶矿物光性正负判别式是错误的。本文也对刘智星的推论作了更为简明直观的解释,同时提出一个新的测定二轴晶矿物光性正负的判别式:Nm-N_(45)。应用此判别式检查了近470个二轴晶矿物的光性,发现某些文献中所记载或所引用的资料(折射率或光性符号)有错。     

颗石藻与海洋、环境关系之探讨

笔者在20年的研究中相继发现,自中元古代和古生代以来海相钙质超微浮游生物－颗石藻的新属种达180余种,通过对颗石藻在海洋中分布状态与固碳特征的研究,证明颗石藻乃是海洋中重要的基础生产者,它和海洋碳酸盐及相关生物存在着密切的关系,其能借助光合作用,吸收海水中的CO2,而释放出氧气．对减少全球温室效应与保护地球生态环境平衡,有相当重要的贡献。     

太平洋海温异常对大理雨季开始期的影响

采用大理州雨季开始期资料、1961年6月~2008年5月太平洋5°×5°共286个格点的逐月平均海温资料及NCEP/NCAR的SSTA资料,通过相关分析发现,太平洋海温与大理雨季开始期的关系密切,春季和上年秋季太平洋海温对大理雨季开始的影响较大。雨季开始前若发生厄尔尼诺事件,大理雨季开始期偏晚,反之,若发生拉尼娜事件,大理雨季开始期偏早。N ino3区的海温异常对大理雨季开始期的影响相当明显,当5月N ino3区的海温异常偏高时,大理雨季开始期偏晚;反之,当5月N ino3区的海温异常偏低时,大理雨季开始期偏早,N ino3区海温异常可以作为大理雨季开始期预测的一个强信号因子。     

浅谈水工工程投标中的预算和报价技巧

施工企业在投标时应在充分理解招标文件、施工图及做好投标前的现场考察的基础上,根据企业自身的管理水平及市场行情做好投标书。介绍了预算价编制、施工组织设计编制、定额及费用选取、报价分析及最终报价中的一些技巧性问题。