Parametric studies of DDC-induced deflections of sheet pile walls in soft soils

This paper presents a thorough finite element (FE) parametric study of sheet pile wall deflections caused by deep dynamic compaction (DDC). In this study, the effects of several parameters which may affect the wall deflections were investigated. These parameters are (1) wall embedment length; (2) tamping distance; (3) impact energy per blow; (4) blow counts; (5) soil types on the supporting side of sheet pile walls; and (6) wall stiffness. The effects of these parameters were quantified and discussed, and the factors that help to reduce wall deflections were identified. A series of figures which depict the effects of these parameters were generated. Finally, some suggestions and recommendations for design and construction were reached.     

Integral formulas for computing the disturbing potential, gravity anomaly and the deflection of the vertical from the second-order radial gradient of the disturbing potential

Integral formulas are derived which can be used to convert the second-order radial gradient of the disturbing potential, as boundary values, into the disturbing potential, gravity anomaly and the deflection of the vertical. The derivations are based on the fundamental differential equation as the boundary condition in Stokes’s boundary-value problem and the modified Poisson integral formula in which the zero and first-degree spherical harmonics are excluded. The rigorous kernel functions, corresponding to the integral operators, are developed by the methods of integration.     

高精度天文水准的布设

天文水准是利用垂线偏差确定高程异常的一种经典方法。过去由于垂线偏差测量的作业效率低而不可能大量布测垂线偏差点，我国的天文水准测线上垂线偏差点间距为２０－５４ｋｍ，因而精度很低（μ＝±０．０７-０．１１ｍ）。当前发展中的垂线偏差快速确定技术为高精度天文水准创造了条件。本文讨论了垂线偏差的代表误差和水准面不平行的改正，提出了高精度（μ＝±０．０１ｍ）天文水准布设方案，用物理大地测量实验区实测数据对结论进行了验证。     

EGMlab, a scientific software for determining the gravity and gradient components from global geopotential models

Nowadays, Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) are used as a routine stage in the procedures to compute a gravimetric geoid. The GGMs based geoidal height also can be used for GPS/levelling and navigation purposes in developing countries which do not have accurate gravimetric geoid models. Also, the GGM based gravity anomaly including the digital elevation model can be used in evaluation and outlier detections schemes of the ground gravity anomaly data. Further, the deflection of vertical and gravity gradients components from the GGMs can be used for different geodetic and geophysical interpretation purposes. However, still a complete and user-friendly software package is not available for universities and geosciences communities. In this article, first we review the procedure for determination of the basic gravity field and gradient components from the GGMs, then general MATLAB based software is presented and applied as a sample case study for determination of gravity components based on the most recent EIGEN-GL04C GRACE model in Sweden. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

An analysis of vertical deflections derived from high-degree spherical harmonic models

The theoretical differences between the Helmert deflection of the vertical and that computed from a truncated spherical harmonic series of the gravity field, aside from the limited spectral content in the latter, include the curvature of the normal plumb line, the permanent tidal effect, and datum origin and orientation offsets. A numerical comparison between deflections derived from spherical harmonic model EGM96 and astronomic deflections in the conterminous United States (CONUS) shows that correcting these systematic effects reduces the mean differences in some areas. Overall, the mean difference in CONUS is reduced from −0.219 arcsec to −0.058 arcsec for the south–north deflection, and from +0.016 arcsec to +0.004 arcsec for the west–east deflection. Further analysis of the root-mean-square differences indicates that the high-degree spectrum of the EGM96 model has significantly less power than implied by the deflection data. Received: 9 December 1997 / Accepted: 21 August 1998     

地震震中和地磁偏角的空间分布

对1900～2002年全球记录到的震级M≥4．0地震震中,利用IGRF（国际地球参考场）国际参考模型确定地磁场的特征。研究了主要地震活动带的地理学和内源引发的基本地磁场几何学之间的关系,查明了不同构造类型的地震活动带全球分布与地磁偏角或地磁场东-西向分量分布之间的构造对应。     

基于近似微分理论的高压线塔挠度变形研究

高压线塔是杆状构筑物,在受到地下开采等外界环境影响时,极易发生变形。文中采用地面三维激光扫描技术记录高压线塔,通过对高压线塔点云数据分层处理,提取各层点云切片中心点坐标。根据线塔不同高度处偏离基础中心点的距离,得到线塔实测挠度。结合材料力学中对杆状结构的受力分析,线塔最大挠度处在线塔的自由端,运用近似微分法实现对高压线塔理论挠度计算。研究表明:从力学角度出发,通过理论计算值与实测挠度值对比,说明近似微分法分析杆状结构挠度变形具有合理性;将理论分析计算与三维激光扫描自动化测量相结合,实现对线塔挠度变形的分析,为进一步研究线塔的挠度变形奠定基础。     

曲线测设方法探讨

铁路公路等曲线测设中,多少年来都是用切线支距法和偏角法。这两种方法都要求必须先测设曲线主点,然后在曲线上(包括端点)设站,再详细测设。长曲线或测设中遇障碍,须搬动仪器多次设站才能测完一曲线,很不方便,而且野外工作量大。本文提出自由测站极坐标法测设曲线,可以任意选择测站位置,不仅工作方便,而且效率高。文章详细介绍了这一新的作业方法,计算公式,并给有实例。     

基于卫星测高的海域大地水准面

利用测高数据的一次差分计算海域垂线偏差，有效降低了动力海面地形和系统残差对垂线偏差的影响；然后根据扰动场元间的协方差函数是具有各态历经性的平稳随机函数这一特征，提出了利用垂线偏差精确逼近海域大地水准面的协方差函数. 而海域大地水准面的精确确定，为从测高数据中精确分离动力海面地形提供了条件. 本文还利用Topex/Poseidon、ERS 1/2测高数据计算了全球海域大地水准面和动力海面地形，证明了本文所述方法是科学合理的.     

GPS隧道平面控制测量中若干问题研究

分析了 GPS用于隧道平面控制测量时 ,进洞方向和横向贯通误差受垂线偏差影响的规律 ,得出了消除或减弱垂线偏差影响的 3种有效方法 ;给出了新的 GPS数据处理的步骤和方法 ;同时提出了一种有效利用野外观测数据来获取可靠的单点定位解