层状大地频率域接地单电极激发的电磁场

为探讨单电极在层状大地模型上激发的电磁场形成的异常形态,给出了频率域单电极电流源在层状大地上激发的电磁场表达式。采用数字滤波算法计算了频率域单电极电流源在层状大地上激发的电磁场。结果表明,单电极电流源激发的电场形态简单,能够很好地反应地电结构,磁场形态复杂;采用电磁场定义的视电阻率,在二层模型上,曲线在高频、大收发距时,趋于第一层的电阻率,在低频、大收发距时,趋于第二层的电阻率。     

天水地电阻率地表与井下多种观测方式的试验分析

2011年初天水地震台建成井下地电阻率观测专项项目,将地电水平观测推向了立体观测,其观测方式包括地表水平观测井下百米水平观测、地表与井下互换观测等.通过近两年的持续观测,地表A、B供电并下M、N观测以及并下水平观测两种方法获得的数据相对稳定、可靠;同时地表A、B供电井下M、N观测有助于数据变化的可靠性分析.在电磁环境较复杂的观测场地,地表A、B供电并下M、N观测和井下水平观测可能是地电阻率观测较为有效的两种方法.     

Removal of the Alphazurine FG Dye from Simulated Solution by Electrocoagulation

The removal of Alphazurine FG (AF) dye from water by an electrocoagulation process has been studied. The effect of some operational parameters, such as anode material, current density, initial dye concentration, pH of solution, conductivity, and inter‐electrode distance, on the removal efficiency was investigated. Iron and aluminum were used as anodes in the electrocoagulation cell. It was found that the efficiency of the iron anode was better than that of the aluminum anode for AF removal. The factors that affected the removal efficiency were the current density and the initial dye concentration. The removal efficiency increased from about 35% at 25 A m^–2 to about 97% at 100 A m^–2, during 4 min of electrocoagulation. The results exhibited pseudo‐first‐order kinetics for AF removal by electrocoagulation. In addition, a mathematical model was successfully established for predicting the removal efficiency. A comparison between the model results and experimental data gave a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.9925), which indicates that the model is able to predict the removal efficiency of AF.     

电极布置形式对电渗效果影响的试验研究

以提高电渗效率、改善电渗效果为目标,通过室内模型试验研究了长方形、梅花形和平行错位3种不同电极布置形式对电渗排水效果的影响。试验采用铝管电极,并保证各组试验处理面积、外加电压和处理时间一致。通过比较分析各试验排水量、电流降低率、裂缝开展和能耗系数得到以下结果：电极长方形布置时,裂缝最为规则、排水效果一般;电极平行错位布置时,排水效果最好,电流降低率最大,但从能耗系数的角度来评判仍然表现最好;电极梅花形布置时,裂缝开展最复杂,且产生了纵截面贯穿裂缝,严重影响了后期的电渗效果,但在裂缝大量开展前,其电流降低率极小。总结室内试验的结果,建议优先采用电极平行错位布置形式进行电渗处理。     

Electrochemical properties of electrodes with different shapes and diffusion kinetic analysis of microbial fuel cells on ocean floor

Microbial fuel cell(MFC) on the ocean floor is a kind of novel energy-harvesting device that can be developed to drive small instruments to work continuously.The shape of electrode has a great effect on the performance of the MFC.In this paper,several shapes of electrode and cell structure were designed,and their performance in MFC were compared in pairs:Mesh(cell-1) vs.flat plate(cell-2),branch(cell-3) vs.cylinder(cell-4),and forest(cell-5) vs.disk(cell-6) FC.Our results showed that the maximum power densities were 16.50,14.20,19.30,15.00,14.64,and 9.95 mWm-2 for cell-1,2,3,4,5 and 6 respectively.And the corre-sponding diffusion-limited currents were 7.16,2.80,18.86,10.50,18.00,and 6.900 mA.The mesh and branch anodes showed higher power densities and much higher diffusion-limited currents than the flat plate and the cylinder anodes respectively due to the low diffusion hindrance with the former anodes.The forest cathode improved by 47% of the power density and by 161% of diffusion-limited current than the disk cathode due to the former’s extended solid/liquid/gas three-phase boundary.These results indicated that the shape of electrode is a major parameter that determining the diffusion-limited current of an MFC,and the differences in the elec-trode shape lead to the differences in cell performance.These results would be useful for MFC structure design in practical applica-tions.     

地电场双电极测量方法研究

目前,地电场台站均采用单电极测量方法,当电极出现不稳定或故障时,无法快速准确判断电极问题,更不能及时更换电极,从而影响地电场观测质量,可信度降低。洛阳地震台采用固体不极化和铅两种电极观测,可有效解决上述问题,保证地电场观测资料的连续、可靠及真实性。     

Relative performance of focused and unfocused devices in a two-dimensional borehole environment

Borehole direct current (dc) resistivity problems are solved using finite difference method (FDM) primarily to extend the log interpretation in the two-dimensional (2D) domain. Transitional invaded zone, flushed zone, uncontaminated zone, shoulder beds and borehole filled with mud are simulated simultaneously in the model. Linear variation of resistivity is assumed for transitional invaded zone. Normal, lateral and modified laterolog7 (LL7⁴) electrode configuration (discussed in the text) responses were computed using expanding rectangular grid system. LL7⁴ responses with variable geometric factor did show some superiority over the conventional normal and lateral for conductive target beds sandwiched between the resistive beds. For relatively small borehole diameter, all three probes can detect resistive target bed satisfactorily. However, for highly conductive mud both LL7⁴ and normal electrode configuration fail to detect any signal from the target bed. Bypassing effect of the current for LL7⁴ is more than that in normal log. Lateral log shows a signal of conductive invaded zone generated by the conductive mud. Bucking current ratio peaks and the geometric factor peaks in LL7⁴ can detect the bed boundaries.     

One-dimensional electrokinetic stabilization of dredged mud

Reuse of dredged marine sediments for land reclamation is a sustainable method for disposing the large quantities of dredged spoil, accumulating every year worldwide. However, due to their high water content and low permeability, dewatering and self-sedimentation of the material takes a long time to be completed. Therefore, different methods, such as prefabricated vertical drains and vacuum preloading, are used to improve the consolidation properties of the dredged mud at the port of Brisbane. Among these stabilization methods, vacuum preloading is determined as the most effective method to increase the consolidation of the dredged mud. However, clogging during vacuum consolidation is undesirable. Therefore, electrokinetic stabilization draws attention since it is an environmentally friendly and time efficient method to dewater and consolidate dredged mud significantly. The effectiveness of the electrokinetic stabilization depends on the properties of the soil and the electrode configurations. One-dimensional and two-dimensional electrode configurations are the most popular configurations. In this study, the effect of one-dimensional electrode configuration, which is installation of electrodes in arrays of anodes and cathodes on consolidation parameters of dredged mud, is investigated. Based on this study, the dredged mud sediments can be stabilized using one-dimensional electrokinetic stabilization which resulted in improving compression index and coefficient of volume compressibility and reduction of soil plasticity index.     

我国井下地电阻率观测技术现状分析

地震地电阻率前兆观测在中国开展了近50年,各种电磁干扰以及一些与地震无关的地表覆盖层电性结构变化一直影响着地电阻率观测,特别是近年来,电磁干扰越来越严重,为了抑制和减小电磁干扰和环境因素的影响,多个台站开展了试验性的井下地电阻率观测。通过对我国目前开展井下地电阻率观测台站的调研,总结了观测中成功的经验和存在的问题,并在此基础上,对井下观测装置技术的各个环节,提出相应较合理的技术措施。     

大地电场铅电极的研制

张家口地震中心台经过多次试验,成功研制了大地电场铅电极,采用新型的电极孔成孔方法及埋设技术进行了试验观测,从实验数据中可以明显看到地电场的日变形态。该电极具有制作工艺合理、电极差较小、稳定性能较好、噪声低、使用寿命长、易于保存和使用方便等特点,不仅可以满足大地电场长期定点观测的要求,还可以用于地电阻率观测,亦可作为地震电磁扰动观测中的电极传感器。铅电极应用前景广阔。