内蒙古四子王旗东八号中新世含深源捕虏体富钾橄榄玄武岩的发现及其意义

内蒙古四子王旗东八号地区最近发现含有深源捕虏体的富钾橄榄玄武岩。玄武岩为灰黑色致密块状,以富碱(K2O+Na2O5．91％～6．47％)、高钾(K2O2．82％～3．12％)和较高的钛(TiO2 2．22％—2．36％)为特征,属钾玄岩系列,全岩K—Ar年龄为21．9±1．7Ma。捕虏体主要为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩等。根据矿物平衡温压计算表明：捕虏体形成温度为1100—1250℃,压力为1．7—2．0GPa,应源自于岩石圈地幔。四子王旗橄榄玄武岩较高的TiO2和K2O,暗示其岩浆可能源于幔柱作用。推测华北板块北缘自中生代开始可能受到来自深部的幔柱作用,大量上升的岩浆因受到阻挡而保留在岩石圈底部,底侵作用和部分继续上升的岩浆,将岩石圈地幔的捕虏体携出地表。     

滇东南马关地区新生代钾质玄武岩中幔源包体研究 : 深部物质组成与动力学过程探讨

滇东南马关地区新生代钾质玄武岩携带的幔源包体为研究该地区上地幔性质提供了物质基础。分析表明,全岩及单矿物中的玄武质组分与M gO含量之间均有很好的负相关性,与世界尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的变化趋势一致,表明橄榄岩包体代表了成分均一的上地幔经不同程度部分熔融后的残余;绝大多数包体亏损LREE及除U、Th以外的其他不相容元素,SrN-d同位素组成单一(87Sr8/6Sr=0.7022～0.7029,Nεd=9.5～12.3),显示了M ORB型地幔的成分特点。相对亏损橄榄岩(Fo>90)的平衡温度(928～959℃)低于饱满型橄榄岩F(o<90,956～1110℃)。这些特征表明,马关橄榄岩包体很可能代表了MORB型软流圈地幔底辟上涌、减压熔融后新增生的岩石圈地幔。     

Petrochemistry of granulite xenoliths from the Cenozoic Qiangtang volcanic field,northern Tibetan Plateau: implications for lower crust composition and genesis of the volcanism

High-K calc-alkaline magmas from the Cenozoic Qiangtang volcanic field, northern Tibetan Plateau, contain lower crustal two-pyroxene and clinopyroxene granulite xenoliths. The petrology and geochemistry of six mafic and three felsic xenoliths from the Hol Xil area south of Ulan Ul Lake are discussed. Mafic granulites (Pl, Opx, Cpx, Ksp, and Bt) contain 48.76–58.61% SiO₂, 18.34–24.50% Al₂O₃, 3.16–5.41% Na₂O, 1.58–3.01% K₂O, low Mg# (30–67), LREE and LILE enrichment, high Rb/Sr (0.09–0.21), (La/Yb)_N (17.32–49.35), low Nb/Ta (9.76–14.92), and variable Eu anomalies (Eu?=?0.19?0.89). They also have more evolved Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions in comparison with the host dacites ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.710812 vs. 0.713241), ?_Sr (+169.13 vs.?+203.88), ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.512113 vs. 0.512397), ?_Nd (?4.70 to??10.05), ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (18.7000 vs. 18.9565), ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (15.7135 vs. 15.7662), and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (39.1090 vs. 39.4733). Felsic granulites (Qtz, Pl, Ksp, Bt, and Cpx) show enrichment of LREE and LILE and have evolved Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions with (La/Yb)_N (2.04–10.82), ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.712041–0.729088), ?_Sr (+180.71–+430.59), ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.512230–0.512388); ?_Nd (?4.74 to??7.96), ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (18.9250–19.1717), ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (15.7662–15.7720), and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (39.2109–39.6467). These geochemical data suggest that the protolith of the mafic granulites could have been a hybrid mafic magma (e.g. enriched mantle type II) or metasomatized restite derived from the partial melting of metamafic-intermediate rocks rather than basaltic cumulates, whereas the felsic granulite protolith was a quartzofeldspathic S-type granitic rock. We argue that the lower crust of the northern Tibetan Plateau is hot and heterogeneous rather than wholly gabbroic. Interaction between the mantle-derived magma and the metasedimentary/granitic lower crust of the Tibetan Plateau may have played an important role in the generation of shoshonitic and high-K calc-alkaline andesite-dacite rocks.     

Spinel to garnet lherzolite transition in relation to high temperature palaeogeotherms,eastern Australia∗

Eastern Australian xenolith suites and lithospheric transition zones are re‐evaluated using new mineral analyses and thermo‐barometry. Some suites, including that defining the southeastern Australian geotherm, are not fully equilibrated. New pressure‐temperature estimates, based on experimental calibrations that allow for Cr and Ti in pyroxenes, differ from earlier results by up to 0.6 GPa and 250°C. The preferred Brey and Köhler 1990 thermo‐barometer indicates a shallower cooler garnet lherzolite transition under Mesozoic New South Wales (50 km depth at 980° C) than for Tertiary Tasmania (60 km depth at 1090°C).

Deviations between palaeogeotherms may reflect: (i) higher temperature gradients for Tasmania and New South Wales (by 100°C/0.1 GPa) related to abnormally hot mantle; (ii) higher temperature gradients linked to more voluminous magmatism, largely Cenozoic in age; and (iii) complex temperature perturbations linked to different levels of magmatic intrusion.

These deviations blur reconstructions of lithospheric assemblages, where temperature is determinable and pressure comes from an assumed geotherm. Potential errors in locating spinel lherzolite and crust‐mantle transition assemblages may reach 15 km in depth. The highest Tertiary geothermal gradients in Tasmania and northeastern New South Wales match those from regions of active lithospheric extension. The young southeastern Australian geotherm is decaying from a higher temperature equilibration, based on experimental work, and Mesozoic New South Wales geotherms trend towards the lower gradients of bounding cratons.     

The thermal structure of continental crust in active orogens: insight from Miocene eclogite and granulite xenoliths of the Pamir Mountains

Rare ultrahigh‐temperature–(near)ultrahigh‐pressure (UHT–near‐UHP) crustal xenoliths erupted at 11 Ma in the Pamir Mountains, southeastern Tajikistan, preserve a compositional and thermal record at mantle depths of crustal material subducted beneath the largest collisional orogen on Earth. A combination of oxygen‐isotope thermometry, major‐element thermobarometry and pseudosection analysis reveals that, prior to eruption, the xenoliths partially equilibrated at conditions ranging from 815 °C at 19 kbar to 1100 °C at 27 kbar for eclogites and granulites, and 884 °C at 20 kbar to 1012 °C at 33 kbar for garnet–phlogopite websterites. To reach these conditions, the eclogites and granulites must have undergone mica‐dehydration melting. The extraction depths exceed the present‐day Pamir Moho at ～65 km depth and suggest an average thermal gradient of ～12–13 °C km^?1. The relatively cold geotherm implies the introduction of these rocks to mantle depths by subduction or gravitational foundering (transient crustal drip). The xenoliths provide a window into a part of the orogenic history in which crustal material reached UHT–(U)HP conditions, partially melted, and then decompressed, without being overprinted by the later post‐thermal relaxation history.     

Granulite facies xenoliths from the Yuhuashan complex,central Jiangxi,South China: constraints on Late Palaeozoic orogeny and middle‐lower crust components

The Cretaceous Yuhuashan igneous complex contains abundant xenoliths of high‐grade metamorphic rocks, with the assemblage garnet ± hypersthene + biotite + plagioclase + K‐feldspar + quartz. The biotite in these samples has high TiO₂ (>3.5%), indicating high‐T metamorphism (623–778 °C). P–T calculations for two felsic granulites indicate that the peak metamorphism took place at 880–887 °C and 0.64–0.70 GPa, in the low pressure/high temperature (LP‐HT) granulite facies. Phase equilibrium modelling gives equilibrium conditions for the peak assemblage of a felsic granulite of >0.6 GPa and >840 °C, consistent with the P–T calculations, and identifies an anticlockwise P–T–t path. LA‐ICPMS U–Pb dating of metamorphic and detrital zircon from one xenolith reveals that the granulite facies metamorphism took place at 273.6 ± 2.2 Ma, and the protolith was a sedimentary rock deposited later than 683 Ma. This represents the first Late Palaeozoic (Variscan) granulite facies event identified in the South China Block (SCB). Coupled with other geological observations, the LP‐HT metamorphic conditions and anticlockwise P–T–t path suggest that Variscan metamorphism probably occurred in a post‐orogenic or intraplate extensional tectonic setting associated with the input of external heat, related to the underplating of mantle‐derived magma. Based on P–T estimates and the comparison of the protolith composition with mid‐ to low‐grade metamorphic rocks in the area, it is suggested that the mid‐lower crust under the Xiangshan–Yuhuashan area consists mainly of these felsic granulites and gneisses, whose protoliths were probably subducted to these depths during the Early Palaeozoic orogeny in the SCB, and underwent two episodes of metamorphism during Early Palaeozoic and Late Palaeozoic time.     

Evolution of the Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Marsabit Volcanic Field (Northern Kenya): Constraints from Textural, P-T and Geochemical Studies on Xenoliths

Xenoliths hosted by Quaternary basanites and alkali basaltsfrom Marsabit (northern Kenya) represent fragments of Proterozoiclithospheric mantle thinned and chemically modified during riftingin the Mesozoic (Anza Graben) and in the Tertiary–Quaternary(Kenya rift). Four types of peridotite xenoliths were investigatedto constrain the thermal and chemical evolution of the lithosphericmantle. Group I, III and IV peridotites provide evidence ofa cold, highly deformed and heterogeneous upper mantle. Textures,thermobarometry and trace element characteristics of mineralsindicate that low temperatures in the spinel stability field(750–800°C at <1·5 GPa) were attained bydecompression and cooling from initially high pressures andtemperatures in the garnet stability field (970–1080°Cat 2·3–2·9 GPa). Cooling, decompressionand penetrative deformation are consistent with lithosphericthinning, probably related to the development of the Mesozoicto Paleogene Anza Graben. Re-equilibrated and recrystallizedperidotite xenoliths (Group II) record heating (from 800°Cto 1100°C). Mineral trace element signatures indicate enrichmentby mafic silicate melts, parental to the Quaternary host basanitesand alkali basalts. Relationships between mineral textures,P–T conditions of equilibration, and geochemistry canbe explained by metasomatism and heating of the lithosphererelated to the formation of the Kenya rift, above a zone ofhot upwelling mantle. KEY WORDS: East African Rift System; Anza Graben; in situ LA-ICPMS; peridotite xenoliths; thermobarometry     

Insights into Li and Li isotope cycling and sub-arc metasomatism from veined mantle xenoliths,Kamchatka

Harzburgitic xenoliths cut by pyroxenite veins from Avachinsky volcano, Kamchatka, are derived from the sub-arc mantle and record element transfer from the slab to the arc. Olivine and orthopyroxene in the harzburgites have Li isotopic compositions (δ⁷Li = +2.8 to +5.6) comparable to estimates of the upper mantle (δ⁷Li ~ +4 ± 2). The pyroxenite veins, which represent modal metasomatism and may therefore provide information about the metasomatic agent, have mantle-normalized trace element characteristics that suggest overprinting of their mantle source by an aqueous, slab-derived fluid. These include relative enrichments of Pb over Ce, U over Th and Sr over Nd. Li is enriched relative to the HREE, and ortho- and clinopyroxene from the veins are in Li elemental and isotopic equilibrium with each other and the surrounding harzburgite. Vein samples (δ⁷Li = +3.0 to +5.0) do not record a significant slab-derived δ⁷Li signature. These observations can be reconciled if slab Li diffusively re-equilibrates in the mantle wedge. Modeling demonstrates that Li equilibration of small (1–2 cm width) veins or melt conduits is achieved at mantle wedge temperatures within 10¹–10⁵ years. We conclude that strongly fractionated Li isotopic signatures cannot be sustained for long periods in the sub-arc mantle, at least at shallow (<70 km) depths. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Petrology and Sr–Nd–Hf isotope geochemistry of gabbro xenoliths from the Hyblean Plateau: a MARID reservoir beneath SE Sicily?

In situ trace-element and isotopic (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) data and whole-rock Sr–Nd–Hf data on 12 gabbro xenoliths from the Hyblean Plateau (south-eastern Sicily) illustrate the complex petrogenetic evolution of this lithospheric segment. The gabbros formed by precipitation of plagioclase + clinopyroxene from a HIMU-type alkaline melt, then were cryptically metasomatized by a low-Rb, high-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr fluid, and finally infiltrated by an exotic, late Fe–Ti-rich melt with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ~ 0.7055, carrying high concentrations of Sr, Rb and HFSE. The geochemical and isotopic features of both the metasomatizing fluid and the Fe–Ti-rich melt are compatible with their common derivation by the progressive melting of an amphibole–phlogopite–ilmenite metasomatic domain (MARID-type?) that probably resided within the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Therefore, both the astenosphere and the lithosphere underneath the Hyblean Plateau contributed to the petrogenesis of the gabbros. Sm–Nd dating yields an age of 253 ± 60 Ma for the cumulitic pile, roughly coinciding with a hydrothermal event recorded by crustal zircons in the area. We suggest that the Hyblean Plateau suffered a thermal event—probably related to lithospheric thinning and upwelling and melting of the asthenosphere—in Permo-Triassic time (the opening of the Ionian Basin?). The induced perturbation in the lithosphere caused consequent melting of some previously metasomatised portions.     

中国东部地幔岩包体中的金含量及其成矿学意义

笔者等分析了中国东部 91件地幔岩包体及其寄主玄武岩中的金含量并有重要发现。除河北万全和海南定安的一些高于 10× 10 - 9的异常样品外 ,包体及寄主岩中的金含量分别在 0 .5× 10 - 9～ 10 .0× 10 - 9和 0 .2×10 - 9～ 5 .3× 10 - 9之间。其中包体平均含金 4 .6× 10 - 9,玄武岩平均含金 2 .7× 10 - 9。地幔岩中包体一般比寄主玄武岩含金高 ,二者间相关性不明显。中国东部 91件地幔岩包体及其寄主玄武岩中的金含量在空间分布上有非均一性 ,它们以华北地台为中心 ,向北和向南 (向南更明显一些 )分别降低 ,这一趋势与中国金矿大多数集中于华北地台的两缘而向南北有减少和减小的趋势是基本一致的。高于地幔金丰度 5× 10 - 9的样品 ,除海南岛外主要集中在华北地台两缘(辽宁、河北、山西、山东 ) ,与冀北西部和山东的金矿集中区有对应关系。研究表明这种对应关系是岩石圈地幔和地壳间在形成时代、性质和成分上耦合性的反映 ,而富二氧化碳含金地幔流体对金活化、富集和转移直至成矿的作用是在先期岩石圈地幔的物质基础上发生的。地幔岩包体中金含量的高低 ,对地壳中金矿床和金矿集中区的分布有指示意义。海南岛 15个包体样品平均含金 11.4× 10 - 9,最高达 36 .0× 10 - 9。鉴于有不少研究反映海南岛