Analysis of the water content in an unconfined aquifer with a partially penetrated pumping well

Most methods developed to represent water flow phenomena in an unconfined aquifer with a fully penetrated pumping well are either numerical, such as the well‐known FEMWTER model, or experimental; analytical models of a partially penetrated pumping well are rare. This study employs the linearized Richards equation as the governing equation, with the aid of Fourier Integral Transformation, to obtain an analytical solution of the water content distribution in an unconfined aquifer with a partially penetrated pumping well. The results from this study could serve to substantiate in some sense results from numerical models. In addition, the theory developed herein can be modified to simulate a vacuum‐pressured pumping well since it is derived by considering, among others, the location and length of a well screen with fluxes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of the unit hydrograph of a typical urban basin using genetic programming and artificial neural networks

An application of genetic programming (GP) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) in hydrology is proposed, showing how these two techniques can work together to solve the problem of modelling the effect of rain on the runoff flow in a typical urban basin. The ability of GP to include the physical basis of a problem and even to analyse the results is discussed, and a case study is included as an example. We propose a solution to this problem by using an ANN for the prediction of the daily flow due to human activity of the citizens and the use of GP for the prediction of the flow rate resulting from the rain. Finally, it is shown that the methodology can be used to solve similar problems by combining both techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于角色-业务-状态方法的工作流系统模型

工作流柔性是当前工作流技术研究的主要趋势。针对公文流转系统的特点，结合工作流柔性的需求，提出了一种基于角色-业务-状态方法的工作流系统模型，并研究了该模型的具体实现方案。     

Factors affecting preservation of coesite in ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks: Insights from TEM observations of dislocations within kyanite

To understand the preservation of coesite inclusions in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks, an integrated petrological, Raman spectroscopic and focussed ion beam (FIB) system–transmission electron microscope (TEM) study was performed on a UHP kyanite eclogite from the Sulu belt in eastern China. Coesite grains have been observed only as rare inclusions in kyanite from the outer segment of garnet and in the matrix. Raman mapping analysis shows that a coesite inclusion in kyanite from the garnet rim records an anisotropic residual stress and retains a maximum residual pressure of ~0.35 GPa. TEM observations show quartz is absent from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Numerous dislocations and sub‐grain boundaries are present in the kyanite, but dislocations are not confirmed in the coesite. In particular, dislocations concentrate in the kyanite adjacent to the boundary with the coesite inclusion, and they form a dislocation concentration zone with a dislocation density of ~10⁹ cm^?2. A high‐resolution TEM image and a fast Fourier transform‐filtered image reveal that a tiny dislocation in the dislocation concentration zone is composed of multiple edge dislocations. The estimated dislocation density in most of the kyanite away from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries is ~10⁸ cm^?2, being lower than that in kyanite adjacent to the coesite. In the case of a coesite inclusion in a matrix kyanite, using Raman and TEM analyses, we could not identify any quartz at the grain boundaries. Dislocations are not observed in the coesite, but numerous dislocations and stacking faults are developed in the kyanite. The estimated overall dislocation density in the coesite‐bearing matrix kyanite is ~10⁸ cm^?2, but a high dislocation density region of ~10⁹ cm^?2 is also present near the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Inclusion and matrix kyanite grains with no coesite have dislocation densities of ≤10⁸ cm^?2. Dislocation density is generally reduced during an annealing process, but our results show that not all dislocations in the kyanite have recovered uniformly during exhumation of the UHP rocks. Hence, one of the key factors acting as a buffer to inhibit the coesite to quartz transformation is the mechanical interaction between the host and the inclusion that lead to the formation of dislocations in the kyanite. The kyanite acts as an excellent pressure container that can preserve coesite during the decompression of rocks from UHP conditions. The search for and study of inclusions in kyanite may be a more suitable approach for tracing the spatial distribution of UHP metamorphic rocks.     

Comparison of EnOI and EnKF regional ocean reanalysis systems

This study compares two regional eddy resolving ocean reanalysis systems, based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI), focusing on data assimilation aspects. Both systems are configured for the Tasman Sea using the same ocean model with 0.1° resolution and commonly available observations of satellite altimetry, sea surface temperature and subsurface temperature and salinity. The primary goals are to quantify the difference in performance of the EnKF and EnOI and investigate how important this difference might be from an oceanographic perspective. We find that both systems generally constrain mesoscale circulation in the region, with some exceptions for the East Australian Current separation region, the most energetic and chaotic part of the domain. Overall, the EnKF is found to consistently outperform the EnOI, producing on average 9–21% smaller innovations. The EnKF also has better forecast skill relative to the persisted analysis than the EnOI. For SST the EnKF forecast outperforms persisted analysis by about 17%, which indicates that the surface circulation is mainly constrained. The EnKF and EnOI are shown to produce qualitatively different increments of unobserved or sparsely observed variables; however, we find only moderate improvements of the EnKF over EnOI in subsurface temperature fields when compared against withheld XBT observations. We attribute this lack of a major improvement in subsurface reconstruction to the inability of the EnKF to linearly constrain the system due to initialisation shock, model error caused by open boundaries, and possibly insufficient observations.     

昆仑古特提斯构造转换与镍钴锰锂关键矿产成矿作用研究

【研究目的】 特提斯构造域研究愈来愈显示为原特提斯、古特提斯和新特提斯三分的特点,其中古特提斯洋的形成演化及其成矿作用的研究较为薄弱。【研究方法】 本文根据东昆仑夏日哈木早泥盆世超大型镍钴硫化物矿床、帕米尔玛尔坎苏晚石炭世大型火山源沉积型富锰矿和西昆仑大红柳滩晚三叠世大型伟晶岩型锂铍矿床发现事实,将它们成矿的构造地质背景演化作为主线关联起来研究,提出它们分别代表了古特提斯裂解、大洋扩张和闭合后碰撞构造转换结果的认识。【研究结果】 认为与古亚洲洋同期的原特提斯洋于志留纪末碰撞闭合后,在冈瓦纳大陆北缘由于地幔柱作用改造的软流圈发生部分熔融而裂解,形成了以夏日哈木与裂解背景幔源镁铁—超镁铁岩有关的超大型岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床;随着进一步扩张,在早石炭世形成了古特提斯成熟大洋,由于大洋中脊喷发提供的成矿物质,在晚石炭纪随着大洋快速扩张向消减的转换,洋底碳酸盐岩沉积中形成了玛尔坎苏大型富菱锰矿矿床;古特提斯洋闭合后于中三叠世进入碰撞造山阶段,于晚三叠世后碰撞阶段地壳重熔形成的S型花岗岩高温热液流体,并造就了大红柳滩大型伟晶岩型锂铍矿床。早晚古生代之交是古特提斯洋裂解的开始,此时秦祁昆洋为代表的原特提斯主洋已经闭合,作为原特提斯洋弧后盆地的古亚洲洋尽管尚未闭合,但夏日哈木镍钴矿床则是原特提斯造山后陆壳再次裂解的产物,并非形成于原特提斯洋岛弧或后碰撞的环境;锰是亲石元素,岩浆作用中不富集,而在外生沉积作用中富集,说明古特提斯早石炭世新生洋壳是富锰的,淋滤出的锰离子在晚石炭世相对宁静洋底深处碱性环境中形成沉积型碳酸锰矿,代表了较为强烈的岩浆作用阶段向相对宁静的沉积环境的转换;大红柳滩S型花岗岩基及其大规模伟晶岩型锂铍矿的产出,则反映了强烈的碰撞造山作用导致的地壳重熔的地球动力学背景,应是古特提斯洋缝合造山后或后碰撞伸展的环境。【结论】 就已有的成矿事实,东昆仑康西瓦—阿尼玛卿古特提斯缝合带与南部巴颜喀拉的西金乌兰—金沙江和羌塘的龙木错—双湖古特提斯缝合带相比,更富有地质意义。     

与时俱进是科学研究的灵魂

与时俱进,意思是行动和时代一起进步,出自1910年初蔡元培撰写的《中国伦理学史》。但把与时俱进提高到理论的高度,则是中国共产党人对哲学的贡献。文中总结了笔者在长期科学研究中发现的问题,通过分析科学概念、理论及其发展过程方面的认识,阐述了科学研究中践行与时俱进思想的重要性,指出践行与时俱进的思想需要解决好6个方面的问题：（1）我们已经进入现代科学时代和大数据时代,我们的思想不能停滞在近代科学时代;（2）科学研究的发展没有天花板,科学要向无尽的前沿进发;（3）不确定性思想需要与时俱进;（4）与时俱进要加强学习;（5）与时俱进要虚怀若谷,“清空杯子”;（6）与时俱进要破除“以不变应万变”的消极、被动、不作为思想。文中还列举了一些实例说明在自然科学界践行与时俱进的重要性。     

成岩作用对泥页岩储集性能的影响: 以东营凹陷古近系沙四上亚段为例*

陆相页岩油储集层孔隙结构特征及储集能力受泥页岩在埋藏过程中经历的复杂成岩改造影响,纵向上表现出显著的差异性,但相关研究仍不够深入。以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系沙河街组沙四上亚段典型陆相富有机质泥页岩为研究对象,基于岩心观察描述、岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜等多尺度观察手段,结合X射线衍射分析、同位素地球化学分析、物性分析及能谱分析等测试资料,开展泥页岩成岩作用特征及其控储差异研究。研究结果表明: (1)研究区可识别出7种成岩作用类型,其中,建设性成岩作用以方解石重结晶、黏土矿物转化及白云石化作用为主; 沙四上亚段整体处于中成岩A阶段。(2)方解石重结晶、黏土矿物转化及白云石化作用在垂向上表现出显著的差异性演化特征,重结晶成因的亮晶方解石主要发育于纯上3小层与纯上2小层,黏土矿物转化所形成的晶间中—高孔区主要发育于纯上2小层; 研究区主要发育2种类型的白云石,其中,泥晶白云石主要发育于纯上3小层,微晶铁白云石主要发育于纯上1、2小层。(3)方解石重结晶和黏土矿物转化的协同使得纯上2小层产生了大量微孔,同时适量的铁白云石可作为骨架矿物支撑孔隙,有利于中深层孔隙的保存,是该小层成为优质储集层的关键。     

基于预测的双线偏振天气雷达数据无损压缩算法

随着双线偏振天气雷达技术的发展,雷达提供的探测参量越来越多,数据精度不断提高。探测性能提升使得天气雷达数据量急剧增长,数据存储和传输是雷达网络化应用中需要解决的重要问题。数据压缩算法用于减小传输和存储的数据量,但通用的数据压缩算法并未充分考虑双线偏振天气雷达数据的特点。文中提出适用于双线偏振天气雷达数据压缩算法（DPRC）,使用径向预测减小天气雷达数据相关性,实现了天气雷达基数据的高效无损压缩。使用CSU-CHILL雷达数据和双线偏振改造后的CINRAD SA雷达对DPRC的算法性能进行评估,试验结果表明,DPRC较通用的压缩算法压缩率更高,适用于高分辨率双线偏振雷达数据无损压缩。      

珊瑚岸礁破碎带附近波浪演化实验研究

通过波浪水槽实验对珊瑚岸礁破碎带附近波浪演变规律开展研究,实验采用了概化的岸礁模型,测试了4种礁坪水深、4种礁前斜坡坡度和一系列入射波高的组合工况。对破碎带宽度和破碎带附近波浪的入射、反射、透射以及能量耗散进行了测量分析,透射波的计算考虑了礁坪上高次谐波的影响。结果表明:礁坪水深和入射深水波高的比值(即礁坪相对水深)是影响岸礁破碎带附近波浪演化的关键参数,而礁前斜坡坡度的影响在本文测量的范围内可以忽略不计。破碎带宽度与礁坪上浅水波波长为同一数量级,并与礁坪相对水深成反比;透射系数随礁坪相对水深的增大呈线性增长,而反射系数的变化却无类似规律;岸礁能够削弱超过50%入射波能,礁坪相对水深越小,波浪破碎造成的能量耗散越大。