我国高分辨率降水融合资料的适用性评估

利用国家气象信息中心研制的全国30000多个地面自动站降水与 CMORPH (Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique)卫星反演降水融合而成的融合降水产品,分析了融合降水平均偏差和均方根误差的时空分布特征,探讨了不同降水量级以及站点稀疏区和密集区的融合效果,结果表明：融合降水的平均偏差和均方根误差量值均较卫星反演降水有显著减小,随时间的变化幅度不大且误差的区域性差异减弱;融合降水不同量级降水日数分布接近于地面观测降水,虽高估了雨强小于等于4 mm/d的降水,低估了大于4 mm/d高值降水,但同一量级下的误差比卫星反演降水大幅减小,且随着降水强度的增加改善效果明显;站点密集区的融合降水值主要是取决于地面观测降水;站点稀疏区在没有站点分布时,融合降水值主要取决于卫星反演降水,但随着站点个数增加,地面观测降水在融合降水中所占比重逐渐增大,且超过了卫星反演降水的作用。可见融合降水充分有效利用了地面观测降水和卫星反演降水各自的优势,融合效果明显。     

利用VBA和Excel实现快速处理国产甚低频电磁仪DDS-1测量数据

本文在介绍甚低频数据计算原理和VBA编程技术的基础上,结合实际工作需要,利用电子表格软件Excel和VBA编程模型编制VLF数据处理程序,实现甚低频电磁仪测量数据的自动处理,并对程序实现细节作了必要说明.实践表明,应用该处理程序可大大缩短数据处理时间、提高工作效率、降低劳动强度.     

基于数字图像技术的土冻胀试验系统研究

开展土冻胀过程的研究对于认识土冻胀机理具有重要的意义,以往学者多采用建立模型进行数值分析的方法,但是在试验中却不能对模型预测的冷生构造、冰分凝、水分迁移等实时过程进行验证。通过建立包括实时图像采集系统、图像预处理系统以及图像数字化系统为一体的基于数字图像技术的土冻胀试验系统,对青藏粉土的冻胀发展过程和冰分凝过程进行了研究分析。结果显示：试样冻胀后已冻区纵剖面的冷生构造可以分为微薄层状构造区、薄层状构造区以及最暖端厚层状构造区三个部分,其中薄层状构造区下部的冰透镜体的分凝作用是冻胀的主要贡献部分,最暖端厚层状构造区中冰透镜体的分凝作用导致了试样未冻区的固结,试样中冰透镜体的分凝过程与试样的冻胀过程和试后含水率的结果能够相互验证。建立的试验系统可以对土冻胀过程中包括冷生构造发育、冻胀变形、冰分凝等过程进行实时采集和定量分析,为冻胀模型的建立和验证提供了试验方法和技术支撑。     

基于核磁共振的褐牙鲆幼鱼组织代谢组学分析

基于核磁共振的代谢组学技术是系统生物学研究的重要组成部分,近年来已被广泛应用于海洋生物学中。由于海洋环境具有高盐度的特点,海洋生物与其他生物相比,体内代谢物浓度差异极大。通常来说,海洋生物为应对高盐度的海水环境,其体内的渗透调节物,例如牛磺酸、甜菜碱、氮氧三甲胺等的浓度往往是其他代谢物的数百倍,造成体内代谢物所占代谢组权重的极不均衡。因此,选择合适的代谢组数据预处理方法,是准确分析海洋生物代谢组差异的关键。本研究以褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼为研究对象,经低盐胁迫48小时后,利用一维核磁共振氢谱,分析了褐牙鲆幼鱼全组织在低盐胁迫后的代谢组变化,比较了三种不同预处理方法 (单位方差换算、帕莱托换算与对数化-中心化处理)对于低盐胁迫诱导的代谢响应分析的差异。结果表明,褐牙鲆幼鱼体内的渗透调节物-氮氧三甲胺浓度是其他代谢物浓度的200倍以上,而低盐胁迫可诱导褐牙鲆幼鱼体内显著的代谢响应。其中,对数化-中心化处理的代谢组数据,经正交偏最小二乘判别分析后,能发现8个低盐胁迫诱导的差异代谢物(不含1个未知代谢物),与代谢物定量结果一致,多于其他两种预处理方法 (单位方差换算、帕莱托换算)的代谢组分析结果,适合用于褐牙鲆代谢组学分析。以上研究结果为褐牙鲆代谢组数据的准确分析提供了方法学依据。     

Coastal risk adaptation: the potential role of accessible geospatial Big Data

Increasing numbers of people are living in and using coastal areas. Combined with the presence of pervasive coastal threats, such as flooding and erosion, this is having widespread impacts on coastal populations, infrastructure and ecosystems. For the right adaptive strategies to be adopted, and planning decisions to be made, rigorous evaluation of the available options is required. This evaluation hinges on the availability and use of suitable datasets. For knowledge to be derived from coastal datasets, such data needs to be combined and analysed in an effective manner. This paper reviews a wide range of literature relating to data-driven approaches to coastal risk evaluation, revealing how limitations have been imposed on many of these methods, due to restrictions in computing power and access to data. The rapidly emerging field of ‘Big Data’ can help overcome many of these hurdles. ‘Big Data’ involves powerful computer infrastructures, enabling storage, processing and real-time analysis of large volumes and varieties of data, in a fast and reliable manner. Through consideration of examples of how ‘Big Data’ technologies are being applied to fields related to coastal risk, it becomes apparent that geospatial Big Data solutions hold clear potential to improve the process of risk based decision making on the coast. ‘Big Data’ does not provide a stand-alone solution to the issues and gaps outlined in this paper, yet these technological methods hold the potential to optimise data-driven approaches, enabling robust risk profiles to be generated for coastal regions.     

服务器虚拟化在数据中心的应用实践

通过虚拟化技术实现服务器整合,提高资源利用率、简化系统管理。基于四川省地震局数据中心服务器虚拟化应用,阐述了虚拟化平台的搭建过程,虚拟机部署,并介绍了虚拟化的应用经验。     

龙滩水电站大坝强震动观测台网系统

对红水河上游龙滩水电站大坝所安装的强震动监测台网技术系统进行了详细阐述,内容包括场地的工程概况、台网布局、仪器性能指标及技术系统、数据的采集分析等情况,为其他大坝强震监测台网设计作参考。     

An integrated analysis of agricultural water-use efficiency: A case study in the Heihe River Basin in Northwest China

The water-use efficiency has direct impacts on the water consumption of agriculture production and is vital to water conservation at both local and regional extent. The agricultural water-use efficiency is a critical indicator that reflects the effective water allocation and water productivity improvement among different agricultural sectors. Taking the Heihe River Basin as the case study area, this study explores the changing trajectories of agricultural water use based on the input–output data of 2003–2012, and estimates the water-use efficiency with Data Envelopment Analysis, Malmquist Total Productivity Index and the decomposition of total factor productivity. Further, the influence of driving factors on the water-use efficiency is analyzed with the Tobit model. The research results indicate that the average agricultural water-use efficiency in different counties is all lower than 1 during 2003–2012, indicating that there is still improvement space in the agricultural water-use efficiency. In addition, there is obvious heterogeneity in the agricultural water-use efficiency among different counties, especially prior to 2009. The research results from the Tobit model indicate that agricultural investment and production, economic growth, industrial restructuring and agricultural plants structural adjustment have significant influence on the agricultural water-use efficiency. The research results can provide significant references for agricultural water-use management in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin and other similar regions in Northwest China.     

Preliminary proposal of scientific data verification in CSES mission

China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES)will be launched at the end of 2016 and the orbit is sunsynchronous and the altitude is about 500 km.The design of CSES satellite and ground segment are introduced in this paper first.And then the preliminary proposals of scientific data verification and cross-verification in CSES mission are given,which can be used to classify the payloads' operation state,and validate the reliability of data.     

Spatially-resolved high-resolution spectroscopy of Venus 2. Variations of HDO, OCS, and SO2 at the cloud tops

While CO, HCl, and HF, that were considered in the first part of this work, have distinct absorption lines in high-resolution spectra and were detected four decades ago, the lines of HDO, OCS, and SO₂ are either very weak or blended by the telluric lines and have not been observed previously by ground-based infrared spectroscopy at the Venus cloud tops. The H₂O abundance above the Venus clouds is typically below the detection limit of ground-based IR spectroscopy. However, the large D/H ratio on Venus facilitates observations of HDO. Converted to H₂O with D/H ≈ 200, our observations at 2722 cm⁻¹ in the Venus afternoon show a H₂O mixing ratio of ∼1.2 ppm at latitudes between ±40° increasing to ±60° by a factor of 2. The observations in the early morning reveal the H₂O mixing ratio that is almost constant at 2.9 ppm within latitudes of ±75°. The measured H₂O mixing ratios refer to 74 km. The observed increase in H₂O is explained by the lack of photochemical production of sulfuric acid in the night time. The recent observations at the P-branch of OCS at 4094 cm⁻¹ confirm our detection of OCS. Four distributions of OCS along the disk of Venus at various latitudes and local times have been retrieved. Both regular and irregular components are present in the variations of OCS. The observed OCS mixing ratio at 65 km varies from ∼0.3 to 9 ppb with the mean value of ∼3 ppb. The OCS scale height is retrieved from the observed limb darkening and varies from 1 to 4 km with a mean value of half the atmospheric scale height. SO₂ at the cloud tops has been detected for the first time by means of ground-based infrared spectroscopy. The SO₂ lines look irregular in the observed spectra at 2476 cm⁻¹. The SO₂ abundances are retrieved by fitting by synthetic spectra, and two methods have been applied to determine uncertainties and detection limits in this fitting. The retrieved mean SO₂ mixing ratio of 350 ± 50 ppb at 72 km favors a significant increase in SO₂ above the clouds since the period of 1980-1995 that was observed by the SOIR occultations at Venus Express. Scale heights of OCS and SO₂ may be similar, and the SO₂/OCS ratio is ∼500 and may be rather stable at 65-70 km under varying conditions on Venus.