纯球坐标系内各项重力校正值计算方案和计算过程

在国内,首次阐述了"纯球坐标系内各项重力校正值的计算方案和计算过程"。该计算方案有如下优点:①以观测点P为中心,以球面距离am=am-1+Δa.bm-1(m=2,3,…,M)为半径将计算区划分为M个环带,再以Δλ0为由P点出发射线的角度间隔将所有环带等分为N(整数)份的计算区划分方案是最严密拼接,因而校正值的计算精度相当高。②在地形复杂和相对高差大的情况下,通过减小Δa、b和Δλ0数值,可进一步提高计算精度。③可以直接采用带有经、纬度坐标的高程数据,进行大面积测区的各项重力校正值计算,而不受6°带和标准图幅限制。     

Angstrom公式参数对ET0的影响及FAO建议值适用性评价

作为计算太阳总辐射(R_s)的主要公式,Angstrom公式参数(a、b)的合理取值是计算参照腾发量(ET₀)的重要前提。针对FAO所提出的a、b建议值(a=0.25、b=0.5)在中国无辐射观测资料地区被大量使用,而其合理性尚未得到系统评价的情况,基于中国104个地面站的观测数据,在逐月时间尺度上,讨论了a、b变化对ET₀的影响,分析了a、b的地区分布规律,评价了FAO建议值所导致的ET₀计算误差,进而阐明了该建议值在中国7个区域的适用性。提出了无辐射资料情况下a、b的地区综合取值方法。主要研究结论是:①参数a、b偏差对ET₀的计算有重要影响,在中国无资料地区采用FAO建议值将导致较大的太阳总辐射(R_s)和ET₀计算误差。②大多数站点,a的率定值较FAO建议值明显偏小,而b的率定值明显偏大。新疆地区和华南地区a、b率定值分布比较集中,而在其它区域比较分散。③FAO建议参数值在东北、西北和新疆3个区域计算ET₀的适用性较好,而在西南和华南两个区域的适用性很差,计算的ET₀偏高较大。④提出的地区综合取值方法,能使R_s和ET₀的计算精度较FAO建议值显著提高。     

天津市潮间带柱状沉积物中重金属的污染历史及来源判别

利用因子分析和元素含量特征分析两种方法,对天津市潮间带的4个无扰动沉积物柱样的46个样品进行了重金属分析,并探讨了重金属的来源方式和富集原因。研究结果表明,天津市潮间带的重金属可分为3类:1)Fe、Cr、Al及Mn元素主要受环境背景值的影响,2)Hg和Cd受人为活动的影响较大,3)As、Zn、Pb、Cu及Ni受环境背景值及人类活动的双重影响,且影响大小随所在位置的不同而变化。结合210Pb和137Cs测年结果,定量确定了天津市潮间带小于0.063 mm粒级沉积物中Ni等11种重金属元素的环境背景值,并以此为基础,进一步探讨了重金属富集年代、富集量及污染历史和人类活动的关系,发现多数重金属的污染始于1910年代,并在1954年之后富集量增加。     

基于可见—近红外反射光谱的典型农田重金属污染风险分类研究

对于人为因素或自然因素造成的农田土壤重金属元素污染,需要进行大面积的土壤环境质量调查和分类管控,然而传统的采样测试方法存在工作量大、代价高等问题。可见—近红外（Vis-NIR）反射光谱是一种快速低成本获取土壤理化信息的手段。为研究Vis-NIR反射光谱预测模型划分土壤重金属污染风险类别的能力,文章以典型人为污染地区（浙江温岭）和典型地质高背景地区（广西横县）的390份农田土壤为样本,测定8种重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）的含量和pH值,并测定土壤Vis-NIR光谱。使用偏最小二乘（PLS）和支持向量机（SVM）算法建立回归模型,对土壤重金属含量和pH值进行预测,并基于预测值进行土壤重金属污染风险分类。结果显示,温岭土壤主要污染元素Cd和Cu的光谱模型回归预测偏差（RPD）分别为1.23和1.19,预测机制与有机质有关。横县土壤主要污染元素As和Cd的RPD分别为1.98和1.93,预测机制与铁氧化物和粘土矿物有关。地质高背景土壤重金属与铁氧化物的正相关性普遍较强,使得光谱模型对重金属含量预测准确度较高。温岭和横县土壤pH值的光谱模型RPD分别为1.76和1.68。土壤重金属污染风险光谱分类的总体 准确度分别为75.0%~100%（温岭）和80.0%~100％（横县）。将Vis-NIR光谱与遥感技术相结合,对农田土壤重金属污染风险进行快速分类总体是可行的。     

基于颗粒阻尼器的多鼓型古柱抗震性能研究

为保护地震作用下历史遗迹帕特农神庙多鼓石柱,提出将破损的石鼓替换为填充颗粒的空鼓,以减轻多鼓石柱动力响应。本文基于PFC3D与FLAC3D软件,实现了离散-有限耦合作用,模拟了附有颗粒阻尼器帕特农神庙多鼓型石柱,研究了颗粒阻尼器对帕特农神庙石柱的减震效果,并分析地震强度、频率、阻尼器位置等因素对减震效果的影响。研究结果表明,将颗粒阻尼器替换破损的空鼓,PFC3D与FLAC3D耦合计算结果与试验结果基本一致,减震效果显著,说明耦合分析方法研究颗粒阻尼器抗震性能具有较高的可靠性;地震强度不同时,分层颗粒阻尼器仍可较好地耗散能量;颗粒阻尼器对结构的减震性能受激励频率的影响显著,频率越高,减震效果越好;颗粒阻尼器布置在古柱中上部减震效果优于布置在古柱下部。     

Mixture models and atypical values

The resolution of a mixture of two or more populations into its component distributions may be markedly influenced by one or a few atypical values. The maximum likelihood solution effectively assigns (part of) each observation to one or another of the components via the posterior probabilities, even though the observation may be widely discrepant from all components. This paper presents a modification of the mixture problem, in which the typicality of each observation is considered, as well as the posterior probabilities, with the contribution of atypical observations being downweighted. The extension to the multivariate case is discussed.     

A Glimpse of Steel Manufacture

Abstract

Abstract

This article explores the relationship between the values that teachers bring to the classroom and their performance. The insights are drawn from the National Science Foundation-funded Finding A Way project that was undertaken by the National Council for Geographic Education. I argue here that without understanding the values and beliefs of classroom teachers, professional development initiatives might, in the end, make little difference in what goes on in the classroom.     

A Teacher's Introduction To Remote Sensing

Abstract

This article is an introduction to remote sensing. It provides the novice with a definition of remote sensing, information about some remote sensing products, data that can be obtained from remote sensing images, what can be done with images, ideas to integrate remote sensing with other subjects, a sample unit using images, and a list of associate areas related to remote sensing. The article also contains information for obtaining remote sensing materials and information and considers values concerns relating to remote sensing.     

Public opinions on biological diversity in Norway: Politics,science, or culture?

Loss of biological diversity is among the most pressing environmental problems facing modern societies. Whereas today much is known about peoples' opinions on climate change, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding how people asses the issue of biological diversity. The article represents a step towards a better understanding of public opinions on the issue of biodiversity, and hence also of the prerequisites and possibilities for a more or less vigorous or legitimate policy on this issue. The analyses show that social background matters for concern about biodiversity, but only to a certain extent: women are less negative towards biodiversity protection than men, the older segments of the population, at least in Norway, are less concerned with biodiversity, and education has only a marginal effect. Hence, to a large extent, political attitudes matter and indicate that concern for biodiversity seems to work by various types of available heuristics whereby a given case is linked to political understandings of other and similar and/or familiar issues. The inclusion of other political variables (local decision-making) and what the authors label ‘cultural variables’ (e.g. view of nature and trust in science) seem also to matter decisively for attitudes towards biodiversity.     

Vertical ground motion analysis for submerged pore-elastic media with random void ratios

Recently, very strong vertical ground motions have been recorded during several earthquakes. The vertical motions are the consequence of compressional stresses which are mainly transmitted by pore fluids. For linear elastic analysis of a submerged soil layer, the permeability has a very minor effect on shear-wave response for which pore fluids are not taken into account. But on compressional-wave response, the permeability dominates the damping effect and is thought as the principal influential factor from pore fluids. In this study, the effect of changing permeability on damping is explored. In practice it is harder to obtain the coefficient of permeability, κ, than to measure the void ratio, e. In order to evaluate the permeability and explore its influence on vertical shaking, the formula relating κ–e for the saturated soil is selected for a 1D submerged pore-elastic model subjected to vertical sine-wave loading. The random, linear, linear-plus-random, logarithmic, and log-plus-random depth functions of void ratio are taken into account in this study. The intrinsic error due to the use of the arithmetic mean of permeability for a certain area with a heterogeneous distribution of permeability has also been assessed. Numerical simulations show that the five depth distributions of void ratio all result in the extra viscous forces. The damping effect on vertical shaking is mainly controlled by the harmonic mean of permeability and spatial distribution of permeability rather than the arithmetic mean of permeability. The harmonic mean is more appropriate than the arithmetic mean to be the representative permeability, because the damping coefficient is inversely proportional to permeability.