辽宁省高速公路气象保障服务系统设计与展望

为了提高辽宁省高速公路的气象保障服务能力,提出了建立辽宁高速公路气象保障服务系统的设想。分析了辽宁及国内外的高速公路气象保障的研究概况,在此基础上,根据高速公路管理部门对于气象保障服务的实际需求,认为建立高速公路气象保障服务系统应合理布设和增加高速公路沿线的自动气象监测站点,要以气象部门信息网络为依托,以气象数据库、预报技术平台、预报技术方法为基础,有针对性地开发高速公路气象预报预警模式和决策系统,并提出了建立高速公路信息反馈及损毁评估平台的设想,试图为提高高速公路气象服务水平提供技术支撑。     

岩石弹脆性分维损伤本构模型

本文定义岩石构元中破裂面的分维值为各向同性损伤变量,而各个方向上裂纹面的累加量定义为各向异性损伤变量,并根据裂纹发育特征提出了损伤变量演化方程,从而建立起岩石脆性变形破坏过程的分维损伤本构模型。最后,利用该模型对大理岩单轴压缩应力应变曲线进行了模拟,结果说明本文提出的模型是较为合理的。     

Damaged beyond repair? Characterising the damage zone of a fault late in its interseismic cycle,the Alpine Fault,New Zealand

X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans of drill-core, recovered from the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1) through New Zealand's Alpine Fault, provide an excellent opportunity to study the damage zone of a plate-bounding continental scale fault, late in its interseismic cycle. Documentation of the intermediate-macro scale damage zone structures observed in the CT images show that there is no increase in the density of these structures towards the fault's principal slip zones (PSZs), at least within the interval sampled, which is 30 m above and below the PSZs. This is in agreement with independent analysis using borehole televiewer data. Instead, we conclude the density of damage zone structures to correspond to lithology. We find that 72% of fractures are fully healed, by a combination of clays, calcite and quartz, with an additional 24% partially healed. This fracture healing is consistent with the Alpine Fault's late interseismic state, and the fact that the interval of damage zone sampled coincides with an alteration zone, an interval of extensive fluid-rock interaction. These fractures do not impose a reduction of P-wave velocity, as measured by wireline methods. Outside the alteration zone there is indirect evidence of less extensive fracture healing.     

Identification of damage on ship's cross stiffened plate panels using vibration response

This paper describes a scheme for identifying damage on a cross stiffened plate of a tanker ship model. Two damage locations were investigated. One was located at the intersection between the longitudinal and the bulkhead. The other was located at the intersection between the longitudinal and the web frame. The amplitude of a function containing the natural frequency, the damping ratio and the response was used as an indicator for damage. The function was obtained from a simulation using a neural network technique which inputs were the model's response. Simulation results obtained using response from numerical and experimental investigations are discussed. It was observed that even when the natural frequencies and the damping ratios did not show any definable trend due to the presence of damages, the amplitudes of the function showed consistent trends as the damage became more severe.     

Degradation of rope properties under increasing monotonic load

This paper describes the development of a computational model to predict the response of synthetic-fiber ropes under both monotonic and cyclic loads. The model addresses the issue of damage to a rope cross-section and its effect on rope response. Isotropic damage is assumed and is therefore characterized by a scalar quantity known as the damage index. The damage index is used to quantify the amount of deterioration that takes place in a damaged rope throughout its loading history. For the current study, data obtained from static tension tests are used to determine the evolution relationship for the damage index. This relationship is based on the stiffness ratio between experimental data and simulation of rope response without any source of damage and is assumed to be described by an exponential equation. Numerical simulations of damaged rope behavior compare well with experimental results.     

Influence of damage on pore size distribution and permeability of rocks

The model proposed in this article relates permeability to porosity measurements that can easily be performed in the laboratory. The pore size distribution (PSD) curve is updated with strains and damage. The updated volumetric fractions of natural pores and cracks are introduced in the expression of permeability. Contrary to classical permeability models based on PSD integrations, the model proposed in this article accounts for possible changes in the porosity modes: one mode for undamaged samples and two modes for cracked samples. The proposed approach also accounts for varying states of damage, as opposed to classical fracture network models, in which the cracks pattern is fixed. The only material parameters that are required to describe the microstructure are the lower and upper bounds of the pores size for both natural pores and cracks. All the other PSD parameters involved in the model are related to macroscopic parameters that can easily be determined in the laboratory, such as the initial void ratio. The framework proposed in this article can be used in any damage constitutive model to determine the permeability of a brittle porous medium. Drained triaxial compression tests have been simulated. Before cracks initiation, permeability decreases while the larger natural pores are getting squeezed. After the occurrence of damage, permeability grows due to the increase of cracks density. The model performs well to represent the influence of the confining pressure on damage evolution and permeability variations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于核磁共振的不同含水率黄土古土壤冻融循环试验研究

为明确不同含水率古土壤在冻融循环作用下其微观结构特性及古土壤损伤机制,采用核磁共振扫描仪对不同含水率冻融循环后的古土壤试样进行测试,研究冻融循环和含水率共同作用对古土壤微观结构的影响及土体内部损伤变化。结果表明:冻融循环下不同含水率使土体内部产生不同程度的损伤,损伤程度为含水率大的土体大于含水率小的土体。随着冻融循环次数增加,T₂谱曲线信号幅度增加,孔隙结构改变,大孔隙、最大孔隙含量增加,中孔隙含量减小; 同时含水率较大的土体孔隙体积增大幅度大于含水率较小的土体,说明在季节冻土区建设工程中含水率越大土体越易发生破坏,因此在工程中应注意防排水问题。依据损伤力学原理,得出土体颗粒连续性与孔隙率关系,进而得出有效应力与孔隙率关系; 根据核磁扫描结果,建立孔隙率与冻融循环次数关系,最终推导出古土壤有效应力与冻融循环次数关系表达式。研究成果为季节冻土区古土壤地层建设工程提供理论指导。     

One thousand ways to experience loss: A systematic analysis of climate-related intangible harm from around the world

A situated and socially engaged science of loss arising from climate change takes people’s lived experiences with risk and harm as its fundamental starting point. It foregrounds what losses occur, where and how, which of these losses matter most to people and why, and whether or not such losses are considered acceptable and potentially reversible. However, obtaining such insight is difficult if the many things people value, across space and time, are intangible, i.e. they cannot and perhaps should not be quantified, and hence are often overlooked and omitted. This is the case, for instance, for the symbolic and affective dimensions of culture and place, such as sense of belonging, personal and collective notions of identity, and ways of knowing and making sense of the world, all of which are already undermined by climate change. Here, we perform the first systematic comparative analysis of people-centered and place-specific experiences with climate-related harm to people’s values that are largely intangible and non-commensurable. We draw upon >100 published case studies from around the world to make visible and concrete what matters most to people and what is at stake in the context of climate-related hazards and impacts. We show that the same threats can produce vastly different outcomes, ranging from reversible damages to irreversible losses and anticipated future risks, across numerous value dimensions, for indigenous and non-indigenous families, communities, and countries at all levels of development. Through this analysis, we also empirically validate dimensions of harm that have been produced and reproduced in the literature, albeit often devoid of distinct substance, lived experiences, and intrinsic significance. We end by discussing ethical implications of the ‘one thousand ways’ to encounter harm and offer recommendations to overcome methodological challenges in advancing a science of loss grounded in place.     

北方村落木结构民居榫卯节点抗震性能试验研究

现存的传统村落木结构民居,由于受风雨侵蚀及战乱、地震、火灾的破坏,发生不同程度的损伤和破坏,榫卯节点残损情况直接影响整个民居房屋结构的安全。以北方地区传统村落“四梁八柱”木结构民居榫卯节点（馒头榫）为研究对象,考虑不同残损类型及程度,制作5个足尺梁柱节点模型,通过拟静力低周往复加载试验研究其破坏模式、弯矩-转角滞回响应及骨架曲线、加载刚度、变形、强度及耗能能力等力学性能。试验结果表明:馒头榫节点破坏模式表现为榫头拔出、榫与卯口挤压变形;相比于完好节点,残损馒头榫节点抗弯承载力、加载刚度和耗能能力明显降低,且“捏拢”效应加剧;榫头松动是导致节点力学性能降低的直接原因;垂直加载方向虫蛀节点力学性能劣化程度强于平行加载方向虫蛀节点,更易导致耗能能力降低。     

裂隙型硬粘土的力学模型及其在边坡工程中的应用

硬粘土是介于软岩和硬土之间的一种介质, 其中含有规律分布的裂隙, 具有明显的方向性和各向异性特征; 本文从实际应用的角度出发, 提出一种适用于裂隙性硬粘土的损伤力学模型, 并应用于南水北调中线渠道边坡工程的数值模拟分析。