Chromium in minerals as tracer of the polycyclic evolution of eclogite and related metabasite from the Pohorje Mountains,Slovenian Eastern Alps

Significantly different peak pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions (18–26 kbar and 630–760°C versus 29–37 kbar and 750–940°C) have previously been published for eclogite and related metabasites from the south-eastern flank of the Pohorje Mountains in Slovenia. These rocks can show a bimodal distribution of chromium in the rock-forming minerals, particularly garnet, the role of which in their metamorphic evolution is unclear. Therefore, we studied an eclogite and a related rock with clinopyroxene containing only 17 mol% jadeite + acmite (sample 18Ca35a). KαCr intensity maps of garnet particularly in sample 18Ca35a show a sharp irregular boundary between the core (Gt1) and the mantle (Gt2). Gt1 of millimetre-sized garnet in this rock is nearly Cr-free and unzoned, whereas Gt2 is of different composition (0.22 wt.% Cr₂O₃) and slightly zoned. Nearly Cr-free amphibole, (clino)zoisite, kyanite and staurolite inclusions are present in Gt1. The matrix consists of garnet and Cr-bearing clinopyroxene, (clino)zoisite and amphibole. Thermodynamic modelling suggests peak P–T conditions of 22.5 ± 2 kbar at 710 ± 25°C (Gt1) and 23 ± 2 kbar at 700 ± 25°C (Gt2) in both samples. We interpret these findings to suggest that olivine- and hornblende-bearing gabbros with some chromite experienced early metamorphism in the eclogite facies, when Gt1 formed. The rock was subsequently exhumed and cooled leading to significant garnet corrosion. A second stage of metamorphism, recognized by mappable Cr contents in garnet, led to the growth of Gt2 and other Cr-bearing minerals at the expense of chromite relics, which survived stage I. The peak P–T conditions of stage II are compatible with those previously derived by same authors and support the view that probably no ultrahigh-pressure eclogite exists in the Pohorje Mountains. We relate the two metamorphic events to the Cretaceous and Palaeogene high-pressure events recently reported from micaschists of the Pohorje Mountains.     

U-Pb Zircon and Re-Os Molybdenite Geochronology of theW-Mo Mineralized Region of South Qinling,China, andtheir Tectonic Implications

A W-Mo mineralized region is located along the northern margin of the South Qinling tectonic belt of China. WMo mineralization occurs mainly in Cambrian–Ordovician clastic and carbonate rocks, and the ore bodies are structurally controlled by NW–SE-and NNE–SSW-striking faults. Evidence for magmatism in the area is widespread and is dominated by intermediate–felsic intrusives or apophyses, such as the Dongjiangkou, Yanzhiba, Lanbandeng, and Sihaiping granitic bodies. Quartz-vein-type mineralization and fault-controlled skarn-type mineralization dominate the ore systems, with additional enrichment in residual deposits. At present, there are few or insufficient studies on(1) the age of mineralization,(2) the relationship between intermediate–felsic granite and W-Mo mineralization,(3) the source of ore-forming materials,and(4) the metallogenic and tectonic setting of the mineralized area. In this paper, we present geochronology results for numerous intrusive granitic bodies in the South Qinling tectonic belt. U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Lanbandeng monzogranite and Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite yields ages of 222.7 ± 2.3 and 201.9 ± 1.8 Ma, respectively. In contrast to the Late Triassic age of the Lanbandeng monzogranite, the age of the newly discovered Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite places it at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Re-Os molybdenite geochronology on the Qipangou W-Mo deposit yielded a model age of 199.7 ± 3.9 Ma, indicating the deposit formed in the early Yanshanian period of the Early Jurassic. Granitoid intrusions in the mineralized area are characterized by composite granite bodies that crystallized at ca.240–190 Ma. While there were multiple stages of intrusion, most occurred at 210–220 Ma, with waning magmatic activity at 200–190 Ma. The Re-Os age of molybdenite in the region is ca. 200–190 Ma, which may represent a newly discovered period of W-Mo metallogenesis that occurred during the final stages of magmatism. The heat associated with this magmatism drove ore formation and might have provided additional ore-forming components for metallogenesis(represented by the Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite). Ore materials in the mineralized area were derived from mixed crustal and mantle sources. Enrichment of the region occurred during intracontinental orogenesis in the late Indosinian–Yanshanian, subsequent to the main Indosinian collision. At this time, the tectonic environment was dominated by extension and strike-slip motion.     

青藏高原南部晚新生代板内造山与动力成矿

青藏高原晚新生代构造隆升是板块碰撞成因还是板内造山过程 ,关系到高原形成机制、演化过程以及岩石圈动力学与大陆动力学的关系等一系列重大科学问题。近年来在冈底斯发现多个以斑岩铜矿为主的大型和超大型矿床 ,其成矿时代为 2 0～ 12Ma ,与青藏高原构造隆升时代一致 ,也与笔者10年前以大陆动力学和成矿动力学为理论指导的预测结果吻合。青藏高原南部晚新生代大量的地质、地球物理、矿床等方面的证据根本不支持碰撞造山理论 ,如青藏高原内部伸展边缘逆冲、碰撞与隆升之间时差明显 ,壳内低速层和低阻层发育 ,造山与成盆关系密切 ,板内隆升环境下发生大规模构造变形、岩浆活动和动力成矿等。青藏高原南部晚新生代构造隆升作用是在新特提斯开合转换、碰撞造陆之后 ,在下地壳层流作用的驱动下 ,发生板内造山、地壳增厚、热隆伸展和改造成矿的构造成矿过程 ,大规模的板内金属成矿在 3～ 4Ma以来的均衡隆升、成山过程中进一步改造。     

造山带构造研究中几个重要学术概念问题的讨论

简要分析和评述了造山带构造研究中的几个重要学术概念问题：造山带，造山带类型、造山作用和造山过程、造山带构造格局、造山作用模式。指出不宜将造山带定义直接与板块边缘构造位置和板块间相互作用联系在一起；造山作用和造山带不仅出现在板块之间相互作用的地带，而且可以出现在远离板边界的地方－－即所谓板内造山带。强调了板内造山带研究的重要性，提出了确定板内造山的主要依据，指出在造山带分类、造山带构造山带。强调了板内造山带研究的重要性，提出了确定内造山带的主要依据，指出在造山带分类、造山带构造格局和造山作用过程中应充分注意内造山带的客观存在，以及板内造山带成因动力机制研究中需要着重考虑的重要方面。     

新疆博格达山的构造演化及其与油气的关系

博格达山的构造演化及其造山作用的时间是一个长期争议且缺乏系统研究的问题。在野外调查的基础上,充分吸收前人成果,综合运用岩浆岩地球化学特征、不整合-沉积旋回、古流向及沉积物扩散方向等分析手段,对博格达山的构造演化进行了精细的剖析。结果表明:博格达山的构造演化主要经历了3期构造反转,即中-晚石炭世的裂陷海槽与晚石炭世末的弱造山期、早-中二叠世的裂陷盆地与晚二叠世-三叠纪和晚三叠世末的古博格达山隆升-夷平期以及早-中侏罗世的弱伸展盆地与晚侏罗世以来的现今博格达山阶段性隆升期;博格达山南缘柴窝堡凹陷地区印支期形成的NE向构造是油气勘探的有利区带。     

Late Palaeozoic to Triassic evolution of the Turan and Scythian platforms: The pre-history of the Palaeo-Tethyan closure

A number of en échelon-arranged, southwest-facing arc fragments of Palaeozoic to Jurassic ages, sandwiched between two fairly straight east-northeast trending boundaries, constitute the basement of the Scythian and the Turan platforms located between the Laurasian and Tethyside units. They have until now largely escaped detection owing to extensive Jurassic and younger cover and the inaccessibility of the subsurface data to the international geological community. These units are separated from one another by linear/gently-curved faults of great length and steep dip. Those that are exposed show evidence of strike-slip motion. The arc units originally constituted parts of a single “Silk Road Arc” located somewhere south of the present-day central Asia for much of the Palaeozoic, although by the late Carboniferous they had been united into a continental margin arc south of the Tarim basin and equivalent units to the west and east. They were stacked into their present places in northern Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Caucasus and the northern Black Sea by large-scale, right-lateral strike-slip coastwise transport along arc-slicing and arc-shaving strike-slip faults in the Triassic and medial Jurassic simultaneously with the subductive elimination of Palaeo-Tethys. This gigantic dextral zone (“the Silk Road transpression”) was a trans-Eurasian structure and was active simultaneously with another, similar system, the Gornostaev keirogen and greatly distorted Eurasia. The late Palaeozoic to Jurassic internal deformation of the Dniepr–Donets aulacogen was also a part of the dextral strain in southern Europe. When the emplacement of the Scythian and Turan units was completed, the elimination of Palaeo-Tethys had also ended and Neo-Tethyan arcs were constructed atop their ruins, mostly across their southern parts. The western end of the great dextral zone that emplaced the Turan and Scythian units horsetails just east of north Dobrudja and a small component goes along the Tornquist–Teisseyre lineament.     

胶东金矿成矿构造背景探讨

在编制1∶50万山东省大地构造相图基础上,通过对大地构造相研究显示：胶东微地块是经多期增生和碰撞而形成的,其漫长的板块构造演化明显具有阶段性。侏罗纪是该区板块构造演化史上的一个重要转换期,构造演化由原来的南、北分异转变为东、西分异,胶东地区NE向新生构造起了主要作用。胶东地区中生代有2次重要的碰撞造山事件,印支造山作用主要表现为扬子板块向华北板块俯冲,形成苏鲁高压-超高压变质带及同造山花岗岩及后造山高碱正长岩;燕山造山作用的大陆动力学环境起源于中亚-特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域转化和太平洋板块的俯冲,在胶东地区表现为3次造山和3次伸展。晚侏罗世造山早期玲珑片麻状花岗岩组合是区域构造挤压导致地壳增厚引起地壳重熔的产物,代表了大陆弧花岗岩特征;早白垩世造山中期郭家岭花岗闪长岩-花岗岩组合代表了造山期大陆弧花岗岩的特点;造山晚期伟德山闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-花岗岩组合表现为大陆弧花岗岩,后造山A型崂山晶洞过碱性碱长花岗岩-正长花岗岩组合为大陆造陆隆升花岗岩与后造山花岗岩,代表燕山构造的结束。胶东地区构造-岩浆事件和金矿成矿作用受控于特提斯、古亚洲洋和太平洋三大构造域的相互作用,金矿形成的动力学背景是中生代构造体制转折和岩石圈减薄,起因与太平洋板块向华北板块的俯冲机制有关。     

Sedimentary response to the intracontinental orogenic process: insight from the anatomy of a small Mesozoic basin in western Yanshan,northern North China

ABSTRACT

The intra-continental orogeny and tectonic evolution of the Mesozoic Yanshan fold-thrust belt (YFTB) in the northern North China Craton (NCC) have been strongly debated. Here, we focus on the Shangyi basin, located in the centre of the YFTB. An integrated analysis of sedimentary facies, palaeocurrents, clast compositions, and detrital zircon dating of sediments was adopted to determine the palaeogeography, provenance, basin evolution, and intra-continental orogenic process. The Shangyi basin comprises the well-exposed Early–early Middle Jurassic Xiahuayuan Formation and the Longmen Formation, and the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Tuchengzi Formation. Based on the 18 measured sections, five facies associations – including alluvial fan, fluvial, delta, lacustrine, and eolian facies – have been identified and described in detail. The onset of the Shangyi basin was filled with fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine deposits controlled by the normal fault bounding the northern basin, corresponding to the pre-orogeny. In the Middle Jurassic, the cobble–boulder conglomerates of alluvial fan, as molasse deposits, were compatible with the syn-orogeny of the Yanshan movement, which played a critical role in northern North China and even East Asia. After the depositional break in the Middle–Late Jurassic, the Shangyi basin, controlled by the normal fault present in the north of the basin, re-subsided and quickly expanded southward with thick sedimentation, which is correlative with the post-orogeny. Combined with A-type granites, metamorphic core complexes, mafic dikes, and rift basins of the Late Jurassic–early Early Cretaceous present in the northern NCC and Mongolia, significant extension was widespread in the northern NCC and even in northeast Asia. Moreover, vertical changes of provenance indicate that the Taihang Mountain and the Inner Mongolia palaeo-uplift (IMPU) present at the west and north of the basin, respectively, experienced uplift twice in the Middle–Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, resulting in a regional depositional break.     

青藏高原碰撞造山带:Ⅰ.主碰撞造山成矿作用

大陆碰撞与成矿作用是当代成矿学研究的重要前沿。与板块构造成矿作用研究相比,大陆碰撞造山带的成矿作用研究则明显薄弱。文章以青藏高原主碰撞带为对象,研究了印度-亚洲大陆主碰撞过程与区域成矿作用的耦合关系,并初步建立了主碰撞造山成矿模型。研究表明,印度-亚洲大陆主碰撞始于65Ma,延续至41Ma,形成了以藏南前陆冲断带、冈底斯主碰撞构造-岩浆带和藏北陆内褶皱-逆冲带为特征的青藏高原碰撞造山带主体。伴随陆-陆碰撞,在冈底斯带相继发育①壳源白云母花岗岩-钾质钙碱性花岗岩组合（66-50Ma）、②＋εNd花岗岩-辉长岩组合（52-47Ma）和③幔源玄武质次火山岩-辉绿岩脉组合（42Ma）,以及大面积分布的巨厚（5000m）的林子宗火山岩系（65-43Ma）,反映深部相继发生大陆碰撞和板片陡深俯冲（65-52Ma）→板片断离（52-42Ma）→板片低角度俯冲（〈40Ma）等重要过程。在主碰撞期,初步识别出4个重要的成矿事件：①与壳源花岗岩有关的Sn、稀有金属成矿事件,在藏东滇西形成腾冲Sn、稀有金属矿集区;②与壳／幔花岗岩有关的Cu-AuMo成矿事件,在冈底斯南缘形成长达百余公里的Cu-Au矿化带;③与碰撞造山有关的剪切带型Au成矿事件,沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布,形成具有较大成矿潜力的A-u矿化带;④与挤压抬升有关的Cu-Au成矿事件,形成以雄村大型铜金矿为代表的斑岩型／浅成低温复合型Cu-Au矿床。在综合研究基础上,初步建立了大陆主碰撞造山区域成矿模型。