Two-stage collision-related extrusion of the western Dabie HP–UHP metamorphic terranes, central China: Evidence from quartz c-axis fabrics and structures

The western Dabie orogen (also known as the Hong'an block) forms the western part of the Dabie–Sulu HP–UHP belt, central China. Rocks of this orogen have been subjected to pervasive ductile deformation, and include numerous quartz schists and felsic mylonites cropping out in ductile shear zones. Quartz textures in these mylonites contain important clues for understanding the movement sense of late-collisional extrusion and exhumation of high-pressure–ultrahigh-pressure (HP–UHP) rocks from the lower crustal level to the upper crustal level during Middle Triassic and Early Jurassic. The orientation and distribution of quartz crystallographic axes were used to confirm the regional shear sense across the orogen. The asymmetry of c-axis patterns consistently indicates top-to-the-southeast thrusting across the orogen in early structural stages. Later stages of deformation show different senses of movement in northern and southern parts of the orogen, with top-to-the-northwest sinistral shearing recorded in rocks north of the Xinxian HP–UHP eclogite-facies belt, and top-to-the-southeast dextral shearing south of the same unit.Based on our study on quartz c-axis fabrics and marco- to micro-scale structures, simultaneous southeastward shearing within a large part of the orogen and normal faulting north of the Xinxian HP–UHP unit is explained by upward extrusion in early stages of deformation. The extrusion process has been attributed to syn- and late-collisional processes, accounting for some earlier deformation in the western Dabie orogen such as metamorphic sequences around the core of the Xinxian HP–UHP eclogite-facies unit. Much higher pressure of deformation is also indicated in the aligned glaucophane and omphacite from blueschist and eclogite in the field. An orogen-parallel eastward extrusion of the Xinxian HP–UHP eclogite-facies unit, however, occurred diachronously in later stages of deformation. Therefore, a tectonic model combining an early upward extrusion with a later eastward extrusion is presented. Two different stages and types of extrusion for exhumation of HP–UHP rocks are suitable to all of east central China. Geochronological data shows that the first, upward extrusion occurred during Middle Triassic, the second, eastward extrusion occurred during Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. These two extrusions are correlative with two stages of rapid exhumation of the Dabie HP–UHP rocks, respectively. These two-stage late-collisional (Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic) extrusion events bridge the gap between syn-collisional (Early to Middle Triassic) vertical extrusion and post-collisional (Cretaceous) eastward-directed lateral escape and provide vital clues to understanding the more detailed processes of exhumation of HP–UHP rocks.     

江南古陆中段沧水铺群锆石U-Pb年龄和构造演化意义

江南古陆中段湖南益阳地区沧水铺群发育在冷家溪群和板溪群之间,其在地层柱中的位置一直是中国地质学家解疑江南造山带何时启动的关键层位。笔者在沧水铺群中的火山集块岩中获得锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(821±13)Ma,再次验证了沧水铺群中的火山岩是820 Ma武陵运动之前的火山事件的产物,与武陵运动的启动有关,也说明该期火山岩与冷家溪群中大量的火山凝灰岩为同一构造运动的产物。     

北淮阳早白垩世金刚台组火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

金刚台组火山岩是大别造山带北缘北淮阳晚中生代火山岩带的重要组成部分,选取金刚台组的粗面安山岩、熔结凝灰岩以及紧邻火山岩的正长斑岩,用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法进行了年龄测定,结果显示:两个火山岩样品的年龄分别为128.8±0.7 Ma和127.6±0.5 Ma,紧邻火山岩的正长斑岩的年龄为129.8±0.7 Ma,这3组年龄值在误差范围内近于一致,说明金刚台组火山岩和紧邻火山岩的正长斑岩是在很短的时间内形成的。这些年龄与整个苏鲁-大别造山带内早白垩岩世岩浆活动年龄的峰值区间一致,可能意味着它们形成于相同的动力学条件下。     

南天山南缘下二叠统玄武质岩浆的地球化学特征及其构造意义

南天山造山带南缘发育大量的下二叠统火山岩。地球化学指标显示南天山南缘西段拜城县宿相厄肯沟出露的下二叠统小提坎立克组玄武岩为拉斑玄武岩(里特曼指数δ=2.93)。 该套岩石低FeO^T、MgO和全碱(Na₂O+K₂O),高CaO和Al₂O₃,相对高钠,低钾; Rb、K、U和Ba 等大离子亲石元素富集; 稀土配分曲线整体协调一致,为向右缓倾的曲线,轻稀土元素(LREE)相对富集; 微量元素配分型式呈"驼峰状"; 玄武岩的母岩浆经历了以单斜辉石为主的分离结晶作用和强烈的陆壳混染作用。同位素组成 ¹⁴³ Nd/¹⁴⁴ Nd =0.512 849±0.000 005, ⁸⁷ Sr/⁸⁶ Sr =0.706 845±0.000 014; -10<ε_Nd(t)<0,且ε_Sr(t)>0,模式年龄T_DM 为1.463 279 765 Ga。 结合区域地质资料表明,小提坎立克组玄武岩形成于板内伸展环境,具有主动裂谷作用性质,说明南天山造山带南缘当时处于碰撞后伸展背景。     

青藏高原南部与东南部重要成矿带的大地构造定格与找矿前景

印度/亚洲汇聚-碰撞过程经历了新特提斯洋盆滋生、消减和俯冲、亚洲南缘增生造山以及印度/亚洲碰撞造山和青藏高原的隆升,在青藏高原南部和东南部造就了"冈底斯火山岩浆带"、"雅鲁藏布江缝合带"、"喜马拉雅碰撞造山带"和大量物质向南东逃逸的"三江侧向挤出地体群",以及相应形成具有重大找矿突破战略前景的"冈底斯成矿带"、"雅鲁藏布江成矿带"、"特提斯喜马拉雅成矿带"和"三江成矿带"。本文通过对四大成矿带的大地构造定格讨论了与资源前景相关的科学问题,提出"冈底斯成矿带"中的岛弧型斑岩铜金矿具有找矿的重大潜力、重视藏东—滇西地区的俯冲-碰撞型岩浆成矿专属性研究;提出扩大西藏罗布莎铬铁矿矿集区的开发规模,以及在西部阿里地区的大型超基性岩体中寻找新的铬铁矿远景地的思路;在三江多阶段成矿作用的叠合型矿床中,集中古特提斯和新特提斯成矿类型,关注与斜向碰撞有关的走滑剪切带对成矿作用的制约机制;需进一步确定特提斯喜马拉雅矿化带与藏南拆离系关系和重视始—中新世高Sr/Y花岗(斑)岩的成矿专属性及找矿前景。     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of early Silurian high-K calc-alkaline granites and their potassic microgranular enclaves,western Kunlun orogen,NW Tibetan Plateau

The western Kunlun orogen occupies a key position along the tectonic junction between the Pan-Asian and Tethyan domains, reflecting Proto- and Palaeo-Tethys subduction and terrane collision during early Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic time. We present the first detailed zircon U–Pb chronology, major and trace element, and Sr–Nd–O–Hf isotope geochemistry of the Qiukesu pluton and its microgranular enclaves from this multiple orogenic belt. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating shows that the Qiukesu pluton was emplaced in the early Silurian (ca. 435 Ma). It consists of weakly peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline monzogranite and syenogranite, with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.7131–0.7229, ?_Nd(T) of –4.1 to –5.7, δ¹⁸O of 8.0–10.8‰, and ?_Hf(T) (in situ zircon) of –4.9. Elemental and isotopic data suggest that the granites formed by partial melting of lower-crustal granulitized metasedimentary-igneous Precambrian basement triggered by underplating of coeval mantle-derived enclave-forming intermediate magmas. Fractional crystallization of these purely crustal melts may explain the more felsic end-member granitic rocks, whereas such crustal melts plus additional input from coeval enclave-forming intermediate magma could account for the less felsic granites. The enclaves are intermediate (SiO₂ 57.6–62.2 wt.%) with high K₂O (1.8–3.6 wt.%). They have initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.7132–0.7226, ?_Nd(T) of –5.0 to –6.0, δ¹⁸O of 6.9–9.9‰, and ?_Hf(T) (in situ zircon) of –8.1. We interpret the enclave magmas as having been derived by partial melting of subduction-modified mantle in the P–T transition zone between the spinel and spinel-garnet stability fields. Our new data suggest that subduction of the Proto-Tethyan oceanic crust was continuous to the early Silurian (ca. 435 Ma); the final closure of the Proto-Tethys occurred in the middle Silurian.     

Gold Deposits in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone: Orogenic Gold Deposits or Intrusion‐Related Gold Systems?

Most of the known large gold deposits in Iran are located along the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran, which hosts a wide range of gold deposit types. Gold deposits in the belt, hosted in upper Paleozoic to upper Mesozoic volcano‐sedimentary sequences of lower greenschist to lower amphibolite metamorphic grade, appear to represent mainly orogenic and intrusion‐related gold deposit types. The largest resource occurs at Muteh, with smaller deposits/occurrences at Zartorosht, Qolqoleh, Kervian, Qabaqloujeh, Kharapeh, and Astaneh. Although a major part of the gold deposits in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone are related to metamorphic devolatilization, some deposits including Muteh and Astaneh are related to short‐lived disruptions in an extensional tectonic regime and are associated with magma generation and emplacement. The age of gold ore formation in the orogenic gold deposits is Late Cretaceous to Tertiary, reflecting peak‐metamorphism during regional Cretaceous–Paleocene convergence and compression. The Oligocene to Pliocene age of most intrusion‐related gold systems is consistent with the young structural setting of the gold ore bodies; these deposits are sequestered along normal faults, correlated with Middle to Late Tertiary extensional tectonic events. This relationship is comparable to the magmatic‐metallogenetic evolution of the Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic arc, where the number of different types of gold‐copper deposits and the magnitude of the larger ones followed development of a magmatic arc. The appropriate explanation may be related to two different stages of gold mineralization consisting of a first compressional phase during the Late Cretaceous to Early‐Middle Tertiary, which is related to orogenic gold mineralization in the Qolqoleh, Kervian, Qabaqloujeh, Kharapeh, and Zartorosht deposits, and the extensional phase during the Eocene to Pliocene that is recognized by young intrusion‐related gold mineralization in the Muteh and Astaneh deposits.     

Early Permian extensional shearing of an Ordovician granite: The Saint-Eutrope “C/S-like” orthogneiss (Montagne Noire,French Massif Central)

Dating the magmatic events in the Montagne Noire gneiss dome is a key point to arbitrate between the different interpretations of the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian tectonics in this southern part of the Variscan belt. The Saint-Eutrope orthogneiss crops out along the northern flank of the dome. We show that the protolith of this orthogneiss is an Ordovician granite dated at 455 ± 2 Ma (LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating on zircon). This age is identical to that previously obtained on the augen orthogneiss of the southern flank, strongly suggesting that both orthogneiss occurrences have the same Ordovician protolith. The Saint-Eutrope orthogneiss experienced intense shearing along the Espinouse extensional detachment at ca. 295 Ma (LA-ICP-MS U-Pb-Th on monazite), an age close to that determined previously on mica by the ³⁹Ar-⁴⁰Ar method and contemporaneous with the emplacement age of the syntectonic Montalet granite farther to the west. This normal sense shearing reworked previous fabrics related to Variscan thrusting that can be still observed in the augen orthogneiss of the southern flank, and is responsible for the spectacular “C/S-like” pattern of the Saint-Eutrope orthogneiss. This work also shows that care is needed when dealing with C/S-type structures, since they can develop not only in syntectonic intrusions, but also in orthogneisses affected by an intense secondary deformation, at decreasing temperature.     

大别山区生姜栽培中气象问题与高产对策

针对生姜生产对气象环境的要求,分析了大别山区岳西县适宜生姜生长的有利气象条件,即充足的热量、水分资源和较长的生长期。主要农业气象灾害是播种期低温连阴雨、幼苗期的高温强光照、旺盛生长期的伏秋旱和生长后期的早霜冻。结合2006—2007年气象科技扶贫试验,提出了高产栽培对策,以期为当地姜农提高生姜产量和产值提供理论依据。