超松弛迭代法反演震源破裂过程解的稳定性分析

主要讨论超松弛迭代法反演震源破裂过程解的稳定性。在精确反演的基础上,分别对数据扰动和模型扰动进行分析,用MATLAB作图进行对比并得出最后的结论：超松弛迭代法反演震源破裂过程的结果是可靠的。     

Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of bimodal volcanism in the Sakoli Mobile Belt, Central Indian shield

The Sakoli Mobile Belt comprises bimodal volcanic rocks that include metabasalt, rhyolite, tuffs, and epiclastic rocks with metapelites, quartzite, arkose, conglomerate, and banded iron formation (BIF). Mafic volcanic rocks are tholeiitic to quartz‐tholeiitic with normative quartz and hypersthene. SiO₂ shows a large compositional gap between the basic and acidic volcanics, depicting their bimodal nature. Both the volcanics have distinct geochemical trends but display some similarity in terms of enriched light rare earth element–large ion lithophile element characteristics with positive anomalies for U, Pb, and Th and distinct negative anomalies for Nb, P, and Ti. These characteristics are typical of continental rift volcanism. Both the volcanic rocks show strong negative Sr and Eu anomalies indicating fractionation of plagioclases and K‐feldspars, respectively. The high Fe/Mg ratios for the basic rocks indicate their evolved nature. Whole rock Sm–Nd isochrons for the acidic volcanic rocks indicate an age of crystallization for these volcanic rocks at about 1675 ± 180 Ma (initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.51017 ± 0.00017, mean square weighted deviate [MSWD] = 1.6). The εNd_t (t = 2000 Ma) varies between ?0.19 and +2.22 for the basic volcanic rock and between ?2.85 and ?4.29 for the acidic volcanic rocks. Depleted mantle model ages vary from 2000 to 2275 Ma for the basic and from 2426 to 2777 Ma for the acidic volcanic rocks, respectively. These model ages indicate that protoliths for the acidic volcanic rocks probably had a much longer crustal residence time. Predominantly basaltic magma erupted during the deposition of the Dhabetekri Formation and part of it pooled at crustal or shallower subcrustal levels that probably triggered partial melting to generate the acidic magma. The influence of basic magma on the genesis of acidic magma is indicated by the higher Ni and Cr abundance at the observed silica levels of the acidic magma. A subsequent pulse of basic magma, which became crustally contaminated, erupted as minor component along with the dominantly acidic volcanics during the deposition of the Bhiwapur Formation.     

Heat transfer between a thermochemical plume channel and the surrounding mantle in the presence of horizontal mantle flow

Heat and mass transfer processes in the conduit of a thermochemical plume located beneath an oceanic plate far from a mid-ocean ridge (MOR) proceed under conditions of horizontal convective flows penetrating the plume conduit. In the region of a mantle flow approaching the plume conduit (in the frontal part of the conduit), the mantle material heats and melts. The melt moves through the plume conduit at the average velocity of flow v and is crystallized on the opposite side of the conduit (in the frontal part of the conduit). The heat and the chemical dope transferred by the conduit to the mantle flow are carried away by crystallized mantle material at the velocity v.The local coefficients of heat transfer at the boundary of the plume conduit are theoretically determined and the balance of heat fluxes through the side of the plume conduit per linear meter of the conduit height. The total heat generation rate, transmitted by the Hawaiian plume into the upper and lower mantle, is evaluated. With the use of regular patterns of heat transfer in the lower mantle, which is modeled on the horizontal layer, heated from below and cooled from above, the diameter of the plume source, the kinematic viscosity of the melt in the plume conduit, and the velocity of horizontal lower-mantle flows are evaluated and the dependences of the temperature drop, viscosity and Rayleigh number for the lower mantle on the diameter of the plume source are presented.     

大兴安岭晚中生代火山岩成因与古老地块物质贡献: 锆石U-Pb年龄及多元同位素制约

系统的元素及多元同位素地球化学研究表明, 以西乌珠穆沁旗地区和塔河地区为代表的部分大兴安岭晚中生代火山岩地幔源区组分中存在明确的古老地块物质贡献.与大兴安岭其他地区晚中生代火山岩源区组分主要为新生地壳物质特征相比, 塔河火山岩中的碎屑锆石记录了晚元古代和早古生代年龄; 配套的微量元素和多元同位素特征则清晰地指示了上述两个地区火山岩的源区组分是在继承古老地块富集地幔的基础上叠加了古生代岛弧等新生地壳物质.上述研究首次为兴蒙造山带内存在前寒武古老地体以及该造山带组成特征提供了明确和系统的深部地球化学制约.晚中生代全球深部事件以及蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合后的伸展作用, 触发岩石圈地幔部分熔融, 是本区晚中生代强烈火山活动成因可能的地球动力学背景.      

气候变化对长江黄河源区生态系统的影响及其水文效应

利用1967年航片数据、1986和2000年两期遥感TM数据,对长江黄河源区高寒生态系统分布格局变化进行了分析,并结合源区气候变化观测数据,分析了源区高寒生态系统变化与气候的关系和陆面生态系统变化对源区水文过程的影响。结果表明：过去40 a来,长江源区高覆盖草甸、高覆盖草原和湿地面积分别减少了13.5%、3.6%和28.9%,黄河源区高覆盖草甸、高覆盖草原和湿地面积分别减少了23.2%、7.0%和13.6%,江河源区低覆盖草甸、草原和沙漠草地面积均不同程度地增加;长江、黄河源区气温变化率分别为0.27和0.31℃/10a,降水的变化趋势在长江、黄河源区分别以0.36和0.07 mm/a的速率递增,气温持续升高和由此引起的冻土退化是导致高寒生态系统退化的主要因素之一;陆面生态系统退化对源区水文过程影响显著,在降水没有明显变化的情况下,长江、黄河源区径流系数分别由1960年代的0.16和0.28下降到21世纪的0.12和0.21,且降水－径流关系减弱,出源径流趋于减少,洪水发生频率显著增加,水源涵养指数持续减小。如何应对气候变化,维护源区高寒生态系统功能,已成为迫切需要关注和解决的关键问题。     

断层构造对北票矿区煤层气地表泄漏的影响

针对北票矿区台吉井田断层地质分布状况和关井后煤层气由地表泄漏的实际情况,从数值分析角度,利用ANSYS有限元软件,建立三维有限元模型,模拟了不考虑断层构造和考虑断层构造情况下,不同断层组合在开采前后的地应力场和位移场变化规律,得到了开采前后断层剖面应力场和特定水平剖面垂向位移等值线图等模拟结果,及一些有价值的结论。断层构造对开采前后应力场和位移场均有影响,应力场数值模拟得到采空区为原生气源集聚区;断层与采空区交界处的上、下端头位置所受应力最大,导致富集于采空区的煤层气向此处扩散运移,并通过断层中贯通裂隙向地表逸散,断层即是煤层气向地表逸散的重要通道;采空区上方的冒落带、裂隙带和弯曲带是次生气源集聚区。该数值模拟为搞清断层构造对北票矿区煤层气泄漏规律的影响和原生、次生气源集聚位置的确定提供了科学依据,对有效进行煤层气开发利用具有一定指导意义。     

油气初次运移理论新探

应用渗流力学的基本原理,研究油气初次运移的机制问题。研究认为,油气的初次运移是以连续相、而不是以溶液相和扩散相的形式进行的;油气初次运移的动力是浮力,因而初次运移的方向是向上的;油气初次运移所需的时间与源岩的渗透能力有关,与油气的粘度有关,还与源岩的厚度有关;油气藏的异常高压是一种暂时的压力状态,气藏的异常高压多于油藏,新生油气藏多于古油气藏;油气初次运移的通道就是源岩的粒间孔隙,源岩的非均质性和微裂缝对油气初次运移十分不利,因形成微油气藏而降低油气运移效率;源岩的厚度越大,越有利于油气聚集;“倒灌”现象是不存在的,缺少基本的动力驱动,基岩油气藏的形成是二次运移过程中侧向运移的结果。初次运移与二次运移具有相同的动力机制、运移相态和运移方向,因而两者是完全统一的。     

深震前地下流体异常特征研究

论述了1999~2002年分别发生在吉林省汪清县、 珲春县的二次深源地震前, 地下流体异常的形态、 时间及空间演化特征。 研究结果认为, 其异常具有阶段性、 配套性及集中性, 异常分布不均一、 不连续, 与震中距、 井震距密切相关。 异常的时空演化具有迁移性, 中、 短期阶段异常由外围向震中方向迁移、 收缩; 临震阶段, 异常由震中向外围发散。 并对深、 浅源地震前地下流体异常的异同及异常机制进行了讨论, 认为单井的异常曲线、 频带、 变化速率、 重复性及多井群体异常的空间分布是相同的, 而异常变化方向、 幅度、 形式、 宏观现象、 异常阶段和多井群体异常的时间特性、 时空演化是不同的。 深震前地下流体异常是等效张应力、 含水层孔隙压变化、 水动力学三重机制共同作用的结果。     

The sedimentation rates in the Okinawa Trough during the Late Quaternary

On the basis of accelerator mass spectrometer radiocarbon （AMS ^14C） dating, sedimentation rates of 11 cores collected from the northern to southern Okinawa Trough are discussed. The sedimentation rates in the Okinawa Trough roughly range from 11 to 39cm/ka, and the average is 23.0cm/ka. China＇s continental matter is the main sediment source of the middle Okinawa Trough and has important contribution to the northern and southern Okinawa Trough. The sedimentation rates during the marine oxygen isotope （MIS） 2 are uniformly higher than those during MIS 1 in the northern and middle Okinawa Trough while they are on the contrary in the southern Okinawa Trough. Sedimentation rates in the Okinawa Trough can be one of the proxies of sediment source and an indicator of cooling events.     

Intact Polar and Core Tetraether Lipids in Sediments from the Haiyang 4 Cold-seep of the Northern South China Sea and their Implications

A number of cold seeps have been discovered in the northern South China Sea (SCS) including the Haiyang 4 cold-seep area where Core 973-5 was collected. Intact polar lipids (IPLs) and core lipids (CLs) were analyzed separately in sediments from Core 973-5. The most abundant lipid biomarkers were isoprenoidal GDGTs (isoGDGTs), with Crenarchaeol and GDGT-0 predominating. IPL-isoGDGTs and CL-isoGDGTs were mainly derived from Thaumarchaeota. IPL-isoGDGTs were mainly produced and retained in situ thus containing most of the in situ microbiological information. Branched GDGTs were predominantly derived from generated in marine production, and mixed with some terrestrial inputs. All IPLs groups presented a high value in the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ). Furthermore, IPL and CL-MI, IPL-R0/4 showed the highest values within the SMTZ, while IPL and CL-R4/i had the lowest values at the SMTZ, suggesting that the contribution of Methanophila and methanogenic to GDGTs increased, while the contribution of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea to GDGTs decreased at the SMTZ.