A note on dynamic ray tracing in ray-centered coordinates in anisotropic inhomogeneous media

Dynamic ray tracing plays an important role in paraxial ray methods. In this paper, dynamic ray tracing systems for inhomogeneous anisotropic media, consisting of four linear ordinary differential equations of the first order along the reference ray, are studied. The main attention is devoted to systems expressed in a particularly simple choice of ray-centered coordinates, here referred to as the standard ray-centered coordinates, and in wavefront orthonormal coordinates. These two systems, known from the literature, were derived independently and were given in different forms. In this paper it is proved that both systems are fully equivalent. Consequently, the dynamic ray tracing system, consisting of four equations in wavefront orthonormal coordinates, can also be used if we work in ray-centered coordinates, and vice versa. vcerveny@seis.karlov.mff.cuni.cz     

Analysis of the solid phase stress tensor in multiphase porous media

Conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy, and entropy are formulated for the phases and interfaces of a three‐phase system consisting of a solid and two immiscible fluids. The microscale equations are averaged to the macroscale by integration over a representative elementary volume. Thermodynamic statements for each of the phases and interface entities are also formulated at the microscale and then averaged to the macroscale. This departure from most uses of thermodynamics in macroscale analysis ensures consistency between models and parameters at the two scales. The expressions for the macroscale rates of change of internal energy are obtained by differentiating the derived forms for energy and making use of averaging theorems. These thermodynamic expressions, along with the conservation equations, serve as constraints on the entropy inequality. A linearization of the resulting equations is employed to investigate the theoretical origins of the Biot coefficient that relates the hydrostatic part of the total stress tensor to the normal force applied at the solid surface by the pore fluids. The results here are placed in the context of other formulations and expressions that appear in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Upscaling hydraulic conductivity based on the topology of the sub-scale structure

The hydraulic conductivity of heterogeneous porous media depends on the distribution function and the geometry of local conductivities at the smaller scale. There are various approaches to estimate the effective conductivity K_eff at the larger scale based on information about the small scale heterogeneity. A critical geometric property in this ‘upscaling’ procedure is the spatial connectivity of the small-scale conductivities. We present an approach based on the Euler-number to quantify the topological properties of heterogeneous conductivity fields, and we derive two key parameters which are used to estimate K_eff. The required coefficients for the upscaling formula are obtained by regression based on numerical simulations of various heterogeneous fields. They are found to be generally valid for various different isotropic structures. The effective unsaturated conductivity function K_eff (ψ_m) could be predicted satisfactorily. We compare our approach with an alternative based on percolation theory and critical path analysis which yield the same type of topological parameters. An advantage of using the Euler-number in comparison to percolation theory is the fact that it can be obtained from local measurements without the need to analyze the entire structure. We found that for the heterogeneous field used in this study both methods are equivalent.     

下一代地球物理观测技术

地球物理观测技术所要解决的问题是观测什么、用什么来观测、怎样观测。下一代地球物理观测技术的发展是以解决上述问题为基础。论文详细论述了观测设备、观测系统以及地球外行星体结构探测等发展动态,并对下一代地球物理观测技术的发展方向进行了分析。     

Combining machine-learning topic models and spatiotemporal analysis of social media data for disaster footprint and damage assessment

Current disaster management procedures to cope with human and economic losses and to manage a disaster’s aftermath suffer from a number of shortcomings like high temporal lags or limited temporal and spatial resolution. This paper presents an approach to analyze social media posts to assess the footprint of and the damage caused by natural disasters through combining machine-learning techniques (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) for semantic information extraction with spatial and temporal analysis (local spatial autocorrelation) for hot spot detection. Our results demonstrate that earthquake footprints can be reliably and accurately identified in our use case. More, a number of relevant semantic topics can be automatically identified without a priori knowledge, revealing clearly differing temporal and spatial signatures. Furthermore, we are able to generate a damage map that indicates where significant losses have occurred. The validation of our results using statistical measures, complemented by the official earthquake footprint by US Geological Survey and the results of the HAZUS loss model, shows that our approach produces valid and reliable outputs. Thus, our approach may improve current disaster management procedures through generating a new and unseen information layer in near real time.     

Research advances in non-Darcy flow in low permeability media

More and more experimental results show that Darcy’s law is not fully applicable in low permeability media,and non-Darcy flow has been identified.In this paper we reviewed the research of non-Darcy flow experiments in low-permeability media in recent decades,discuss the existence of non-Darcy flow,and summarize its constitutive equations.The reasons for the threshold gradient were also discussed and summarized for the criterion of the critical point of non-Darcy flow.On this basis,the future development of non-Darcy flow experiments in the rock and clay media were discussed,in order to provide a certain reference for subsequent research on seepage laws in low permeability media.     

Nationalizing a global phenomenon: A study of how the press in 45 countries and territories portrays climate change

This study investigates the news coverage of climate change in 45 different countries and territories. Using the news framing approach, this study identifies the connections between several national socioeconomic, governance, and environmental traits and the portrayals of climate change. Although climate change is a global issue that affects every country in the world, how the news media frame it varies from country to country. Such a variation is related to each country’s economic development, climate severity, and governance. The findings of this study contribute to framing literature by assessing frame use in national contexts, filling in the gap in the application of this theoretical framework.     

河南栾川钼矿复杂地层探测工艺研究与试验

洛阳栾川钼矿存在的多层采空区以及大量的矿渣堆积地层,导致钻进过程中孔壁极易失稳,一般表现为坍塌、掉块等;同时导致探测设备无法下放至孔底、延误工期。针对这一现状,本文研究了2种新的勘探工艺方法：（1）使用黄土加固孔壁新工艺,使黄土在孔壁上形成一层保护层,即利用挤密加固后的黄土保护孔壁。（2）设计了新型锥形钻头,使用重锤将锥形钻头砸落至采空区底板,利用中空钻杆保护井下电机等探测设备。将2种方法投入实践证明方法可行,并且随着工期的进行,孔壁保持稳定不再出现失稳的情况,为后续对采空区的地质探测提供了安全保障。在经济、安全的前提下保证了施工的顺利实施,并为今后复杂地层的探测积累了一定的经验。     

多孔介质中磷负载纳米铁运动特性的模型试验

纳米零价铁在多孔介质中的运动能力影响其作为污染地下水修复材料的应用潜力。已有研究多采用一维柱试验研究纳米零价铁的运动行为,对于其二维运动行为的报道有限。自主研发了模拟多孔介质中纳米颗粒运动的模型试验系统,采用细、中、粗3种不同粒径的玻璃珠模拟土体,通过取样测量和图像分析等方法获得了磷负载纳米铁在多孔介质中的运动行为。一维柱试验结果表明磷负载纳米铁在中玻璃珠和粗玻璃珠中均有一定的运动能力,其液相回收率分别为50.3%和41.0%,而在细玻璃珠中运动能力较差;二维模型试验表明磷负载纳米铁在中玻璃珠中的滞留量随距离逐渐降低,而在粗玻璃珠中则呈现出滞留量随距离先升高后降低的趋势。由模型试验结果分析可知,磷负载纳米铁的运动和滞留过程与多孔介质孔隙结构和流速密切相关,颗粒阻塞与表面沉积等不同物理过程的共同作用导致了其在不同粒径多孔介质中运动特性的差异。研究成果可用于评估磷负载纳米铁的运动能力及分析其在多孔介质中的运移和滞留机制,为纳米零价铁技术的工程应用和环境风险评价提供参考依据。     

Experimental study on characteristics of pore water conversion during methane hydrates formation in unsaturated sand

Understanding the pore water conversion characteristics during hydrate formation in porous media is important to study the accumulation mechanism of marine gas hydrate. In this study, low-field NMR was used to study the pore water conversion characteristics during methane hydrate formation in unsaturated sand samples. Results show that the signal intensity of T₂ distribution isn’t affected by sediment type and pore pressure, but is affected by temperature. The increase in the pressure of hydrogen-containing gas can cause the increase in the signal intensity of T₂ distribution. The heterogeneity of pore structure is aggravated due to the hydrate formation in porous media. The water conversion rate fluctuates during the hydrate formation. The sand size affects the water conversion ratio and rate by affecting the specific surface of sand in unsaturated porous media. For the fine sand sample, the large specific surface causes a large gas-water contact area resulting in a higher water conversion rate, but causes a large water-sand contact area resulting in a low water conversion ratio (C_w=96.2%). The clay can reduce the water conversion rate and ratio, especially montmorillonite (C_w=95.8%). The crystal layer of montmorillonite affects the pore water conversion characteristics by hindering the conversion of interlayer water.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.