A First Generation Stochastic Bioeconomic Analysis of Algal Bloom Control in a Coastal Lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Po River Delta)

Abstract. In this work we have developed a very simple stochastic mathematical model of Ulva spp. growth to quantitatively evaluate the economic costs of algal harvesting and the related benefits in terms of avoided'economic loss'of clam production due to an effective prevention of algal blooms and the consequent anoxic crises. Algal growth was simulated by means of a discrete time difference equation of Ulva biomass where the finite growth rate depends only upon water temperature. In order to explicitly include environmental variability, a seasonal autoregressive model calibrated on available data was used to simulate water temperature. Different harvesting scenarios were analysed in terms of the number of harvesting vessels employed and the threshold biomass of Ulva at which vessels start to operate. Costs of algal harvesting and disposal, as well as monetary damages resulting from the collapse of clam production as a consequence of algal blooms, were assessed by interviewing the managers of the Clam Fishermen's Union of Goro. A Monte Carlo approach was used to estimate the mean and total statistical distribution of costs and benefits of different harvesting strategies. Our analysis shows that the most cost-effective management policy is attained with 4–6 vessels operating at low algal density able to harvest as much Ulva as possible with intensive and short interventions at the beginning of the seasonal growth.     

On an extremely dense bloom of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in lagoons of the PO river delta: Impact on the environment

An extremely dense bloom of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense was observed in the lagoons of Cà Pisani (Veneto, Italy) in summer 1993. The lagoons were experiencing a significant eutrophication impact, receiving waste waters from intensive fish culture plants. During their bloom dinoflagellates in the lagoons reached densities of 2 to 4 × 10⁶ cells·dm⁻³ and a biomass of over 100 g·m⁻³. The bloom produced drastic ecological changes in the lagoons. It caused nocturnal anoxia, mortality of macrophytes and the build-up of labile organic matter in the water column. Grazing by the tintinnid Favella sp. contributed to the termination of the bloom of the flagellates. The results show that coastal aqua culture probably stimulates dinoflagellate blooms in shallow brackish lagoons.     

耐盐基因转化蓝藻Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942研究

将从极端耐盐的假单胞杆菌中克隆得到的3个基因，即转录调控因子基因，NADH脱氢酶Ⅱ基因和磷酸甘油磷酸酯酶基因转入淡水蓝藻Synechococcus sp.PCC 7942中，使受体藻对NaCl的耐受性从低于2．5％显著提高到4．5％，进一步证明了这3个基因确定与生物的耐盐性密切相关。本实验为进一步培育耐盐经济作物奠定了基础。     

Salinity-Temperature Relations and Morphotypes of a Mixed Population of Coccoid Cyanobacteria from a Hot, Hypersaline Pond in Israel

Abstract. A mixed population of unicellular and colonial cyanobacteria was transferred into culture from a hypersaline helio-thermal pond in the vicinity of the Dead Sea. The entire complex of strains, incubated in Dead Sea water of varying salinity and temperature, showed a pronounced shift of the maximal growth from a salinity of 72 g l^-1 at 30 ^oC up to 142 g 1^-1 at 50 ^oC. Over the above range of salinities and temperatures, these cyanobacteria were capable of about four divisions per day, providing that any increase in salinity was coupled with the suitable increase in temperature. The above peculiar adaptation can explain the prominent success of this group of microorganisms in the extreme and unstable ecological conditions of hypersaline habitats. Amounts of slime accumulating in the cultures were proportional to the incubation temperature.     

Is there a Human Health Hazard from Microcystins in the Drinking Water Supply?

Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by a range of cyanobacterial genera. These cyanobacteria occur naturally in drinking water reservoirs subject to eutrophication, and in rivers and natural lakes. Because of the diversity of organisms, the toxins occur, from oligo‐mesotrophic lakes in North Temperate latitudes, to hypertrophic tropical ponds. The toxins are responsible for numerous cases of injury and death of domestic animals, and human poisoning from drinking water. The initial poisoning includes hepatic cell death. This leads to secondary effects from liver deficiency, including jaundice and photosensitisation. The toxic effects are largely due to inhibition of phosphatase enzymes, acting to regulate protein phosphorylation. The consequences include structural damage, apoptosis and, at lower concentrations, cell cycle effects and tumour promotion. As there is no clear evidence for direct carcinogenesis by microcystins, they are classed as non‐carcinogenic toxins in drinking water. Guideline Values for safe drinking water are derived from data for subchronic rodent toxicity, using the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (the highest dose giving no toxicity). To this dose are applied uncertainty factors, to calculate a Tolerable Daily Intake. On the basis of a standard bodyweight and water consumption the Guideline Value is determined for drinking water. For microcystin‐LR the WHO have set a provisional Guideline Value of 1 μg/L for drinking water.     

蓝藻的卫星遥感研究进展

蓝藻在水体中分布广泛，对水体中碳、氮循环起到重要作用。蓝藻体内的藻蓝和藻红蛋白具有特征性光谱，通过这些光谱可以对蓝藻进行卫星遥感监测。本文主要从海洋、内陆水体中蓝藻的卫星遥感和国内水体生物光学研究状况等方面进行阐述，并对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。     

海洋蓝细菌在微食物环中作用的初步研究

在渤海,汇泉湾小型浮浮动物对蓝细菌有明显的捕食压力,春季,有小型浮游动物的实验水体中蓝细菌的日生长率为０．０２－０．２８／ｄ,甭除小型浮游动物的实验水体中蓝细菌的日生长率为０．３８－０．７０ｄ。     

2001-2020年福建沿海赤潮灾害分级和时空分布特征研究

利用2001—2020年福建沿海赤潮事件记录资料和自然灾害风险判定方法,根据赤潮成灾面积、持续时间、危害类型、渔业直接经济损失等指标综合计算赤潮灾害指数。基于自然断点法,对赤潮灾害指数进行Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级等4个灾害级别分等定级。系统分析了福建沿海赤潮生物种类、时空分布特征和演变规律。结果表明:(1)2001—2020年福建沿海赤潮以灾害程度较轻的Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级为主,灾害程度较重的Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级仅占总次数的8.9%,但其造成的渔业直接经济损失达总损失的95.0%。(2)赤潮暴发次数和面积总体呈现下降趋势,但Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级灾害频次呈现波动特征。(3)季节尺度上表现为单波峰特征,5—6月是赤潮灾害最为严重的时段,赤潮暴发次数、面积和持续时间占总体的比例分别为73.3%、84.6%和74.9%,Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级灾害占总次数的95.2%。(4)空间尺度上,福州、宁德、厦门沿海赤潮累计次数和规模较大,但Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级赤潮灾害主要分布在泉州以北的福建沿海,泉州以南的福建海域赤潮灾害级别整体较低。(5)2001—2020年福建沿海赤潮原因种逐渐增多,硅藻占比减小、甲藻占比升高,有毒赤潮主要出现在宁德、福州、泉州海域,以米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)引发居多。(6)硅藻赤潮主要暴发在峡湾和海湾海域,而甲藻赤潮在峡湾、海湾和开阔的近岸海域均易暴发,近年来甲藻赤潮暴发位置呈现由福建北部向南部沿海扩张的趋势。引起这些变化的原因据推测与全球气候变化及福建近岸海域环境的变化密切相关。     

Association between trophic state,watershed use,and blooms of cyanobacteria in south-central Chile

An increase in the distribution and frequency of cyanobacterial blooms has been reported for many regions worldwide. Due to this fact, we studied the variables that influence the abundance of natural populations of planktonic cyanobacteria in temperate lakes of central and southern Chile. These lakes differed in trophic state and watershed use. Cyanobacteria dominated in meso- and eutrophic systems and their occurrence correlated to watershed use (tree plantations and urban). Ochrophyta and Bacillariophyta were dominant in oligotrophic lakes, where native forest dominated land usage. In these lakes, the maximum depth of the euphotic zone influenced the community structure and the genera of cyanobacteria. Dolichospermum was the most abundant, frequent, and widely distributed genus, found in oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes, forming blooms in eutrophic systems.The concentration of total phosphorus and total nitrogen positively influenced cyanobacterial abundance and bloom formation, mainly by Aphanizomenon, Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, and Dolichospermum, and Microcystis.In contrast to many reports on their occurrence in the northern hemisphere, these genera occurred widely at less than 20 °C, forming dispersive blooms, at low temperatures in autumn and winter (10.8–15.6 °C). This shows that eutrophication is the main factor for bloom formation and these genera can form blooms independent of temperature. However, some genera, such as Microcystis, increased their abundance and presented more intense blooms (scums) at high temperatures. Our study provides baseline data to document long-term changes in lentic systems of the western south-central area of South America, including genera that could respond by increasing their abundance with eutrophication and projected climatic changes.