Analysis of GAMIT/GLOBK in high-precision GNSS data processing for crustal deformation

The advances in satellite navigation and positioning technology and the worldwide establishment of continuous-tracking stations have greatly promoted the development and application of the high-precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). GAMIT/GLOBK, as a popular high-precision GNSS data-processing software, has been widely used in monitoring crustal deformation, tsunami, iceberg, etc. Based on the basic observations and various geophysical models processed by GAMIT/GLOBK, we analyze the influence of the correction of applied geophysical models, and describe the techniques of parameter estimation and accuracy assessment. In addition, taking the present crustal movement in the Chinese mainland and the M_W7.8 earthquake in Nepal as examples, we discuss the applications of GAMIT/GLOBK in crustal deformation monitoring and its future prospect.     

渤海海冰微波散射特性研究

Microwave remote sensing has become the primary means for sea-ice research, and has been supported by a great deal of field experiments and theoretical studies regarding sea-ice microwave scattering. However, these studies have been barely carried in the Bohai Sea. The sea-ice microwave scattering mechanism was first developed for the thin sea ice with slight roughness in the Bohai Sea in the winter of 2012, and included the backscattering coefficients which were measured on the different conditions of three bands(L, C and X), two polarizations(HH and VV), and incident angles of 20° to 60°, using a ground-based scatterometer and the synchronous physical parameters of the sea-ice temperature, density, thickness, salinity, and so on. The theoretical model of the sea-ice electromagnetic scattering is obtained based on these physical parameters. The research regarding the sea-ice microwave scattering mechanism is carried out through two means, which includes the comparison between the field microwave scattering data and the simulation results of the theoretical model, as well as the feature analysis of the four components of the sea-ice electromagnetic scattering. It is revealed that the sea-ice microwave scattering data and the theoretical simulation results vary in the same trend with the incident angles. Also, there is a visible variant in the sensitivity of every component to the different bands.For example, the C and X bands are sensitive to the top surface, the X band is sensitive to the scatterers, and the L and C bands are sensitive to the bottom surface, and so on. It is suggested that the features of the sea-ice surfaces and scatterers can be retrieved by the further research in the future. This experiment can provide an experimental and theoretical foundation for research regarding the sea-ice microwave scattering characteristics in the Bohai Sea.     

Scattered emission from a relativistic outflow and its application to gamma-ray bursts

We investigate a scenario of photon scattering by electrons within a relativistic outflow. The outflow is composed of discrete shells with different speeds. One shell emits radiation for a short duration. Some of this radiation is scattered by the shell(s) behind. We calculate in a simple two-shell model the observed scattered flux density as a function of the observed primary flux density, the normalized arrival time delay between the two emission components, the Lorentz factor ratio of the two shells and the scattering shell's optical depth. Thomson scattering in a cold shell and inverse Compton scattering in a hot shell are both considered. The results of our calculations are applied to the gamma-ray bursts and the afterglows. We find that the scattered flux from a cold slower shell is small and likely to be detected only for those bursts with very weak afterglows. A hot scattering shell could give rise to a scattered emission as bright as the X-ray shallow decay component detected in many bursts, on a condition that the isotropically equivalent total energy carried by the hot electrons is large, ∼10⁵²–10⁵⁶ erg. The scattered emission from a faster shell could appear as a late short γ-ray/MeV flash or become part of the prompt emission depending on the delay of the ejection of the shell.     

Polarization of resonance lines in the case of a Voigt absorption profile

Multiple resonance scattering of radiation in a spectral line is considered in the case of a Voigt absorption profile. The scattering is assumed to take place in a nonmagnetic semi-infinite atmosphere with uniformly distributed sources of unpolarized radiation. Polarization characteristics have been obtained for the emergent radiation by numerically solving the Ambartsumian-Chandrasekhar matrix integral equation.     

辽东盖州-庄河地区榆树砬子岩组碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素研究:对华北克拉通陆壳演化的制约

出露于辽东地区盖州-庄河一带的榆树砬子岩组,作为该区不整合覆盖于古元古代辽河群之上最早的稳定沉积盖层,其沉积时代、物源区及沉积环境的研究对了解华北克拉通的构造演化具有重要科学意义。目前该地区依然缺乏关于榆树砬子岩组形成时代和区域地层对比的数据。本文在详细野外地质调查基础上,通过碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素示踪等手段,对该岩组的沉积环境及时限、物源区及与燕辽裂谷带内中元古代地层的时空关系等问题进行了讨论。通过对榆树砬子岩组与燕辽裂谷带内常州沟组对比,发现尽管锆石U-Pb定年结果表明榆树砬子岩组沉积时代晚于1803Ma,但二者在锆石年龄谱、物源成分、岩石组合及沉积旋回序列等方面具有一定相似性。龙岗地块及辽南陆块太古宙基底、古元古代辽吉花岗岩以及古元古代同碰撞或碰撞后岩浆岩可能为榆树砬子岩组提供了物源。同时,锆石Hf同位素特征表明华北克拉通东北缘记录了自～4. 1Ga以来的一系列地壳生长事件,其峰期主要发生于31～27亿年,与华北克拉通其他地区的数据一致,为华北克拉通太古代的陆壳演化提供了新的佐证。     

云南腾冲全新世火山岩岩浆演化和岩石成因

腾冲火山岩区是我国全新世以来记载火山喷发的少数地区之一,该地区岩浆作用的性质与成因是揭示青藏高原东缘的现今侧向生长过程与深部作用的重要依据。本文对腾冲火山岩区的马鞍山、黑空山、打鹰山全新世火山岩开展了矿物化学和岩石地球化学研究,以期揭示岩石成因和深部动力学过程。腾冲全新世火山岩主体岩性为高钾钙碱性系列的玄武粗安岩和粗安岩。岩石的Ca O、Fe_2O_3~T、Ti O_2与Si O_2负相关,而K_2O与Si O_2正相关,表明岩浆演化过程中可能存在橄榄石、辉石和斜长石的分离结晶作用。岩石中存在酸性斜长石(更长石,An=28)大颗粒捕掳晶,其边部发育了基性斜长石(拉长石,An=65)增生边;在大颗粒石英捕掳晶的边部发育了辉石的反应边,这些结构表明在岩浆上升到地壳浅部时,曾受到了花岗岩围岩的混染,但岩石的Th/Nb值均小于1.16,表明地壳混染总体不显著。腾冲全新世火山岩大离子亲石元素富集、高场强元素相对亏损,高Th/U、低Ba/La,富集Sr-Nd同位素,其岩浆源区应为经历过洋壳沉积物交代后的富集地幔。腾冲火山岩属于大陆板内环境,是印度与亚洲大陆碰撞后岩浆作用的产物。火山岩是沿着腾冲盆地南北向展布,且熔岩分布面积有限。由于高原侧向生长过程中的区域性走滑断裂会引起局部的伸展,腾冲火山岩产出可能与富集岩石圈地幔的减压熔融有关。     

Zircon U-Pb-Hf constraints from Gongga Shan granites on young crustal melting in eastern Tibet

The Gongga Shan batholith is a complex granitoid batholith on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau with a long history of magmatism spanning from the Triassic to the Pliocene. Late Miocene-Pliocene units are the youngest exposed crustal melts within the entire Asian plate of the Tibetan Plateau.Here, we present in-situ zircon Hf isotope constraints on their magmatic source, to aid the understanding of how these young melts were formed and how they were exhumed to the surface. Hf isotope signatures of Eocene to Pliocene zircon rims(ε_Hf(t)=-4 to +4), interpreted to have grown during localised crustal melting, are indicative of melting of a Neoproterozoic source region, equivalent to the nearby exposed Kangding Complex. Therefore, we suggest that Neoproterozoic crust underlies this region of the Songpan-Ganze terrane, and sourced the intrusive granites that form the Gongga Shan batholith. Localised young melting of Neoproterozoic lower or middle crust requires localised melt-fertile lithologies. We suggest that such melts may be equivalent to seismic and magnetotelluric low-velocity and high-conductivity zones or "bright spots" imaged across much of the Tibetan Plateau. The lack of widespread exposed melts this age is due either to the lack of melt-fertile rocks in the middle crust, the very low erosion level of the Tibetan plateau, or to a lack of mechanism for exhuming such melts. For Gongga Shan, where some melting is younger than nearby thermochronological ages of low temperature cooling, the exact process and timing of exhumation remains enigmatic, but their location away from the Xianshuihe fault precludes the fault acting as a conduit for the young melts. We suggest that underthrusting of dry granulites of the lower Indian crust(Archaean shield) this far northeast is a plausible mechanism to explain the uplift and exhumation of the eastern Tibetan Plateau.     

中国地壳运动观测网络在地球科学研究中的应用前景

简要地介绍了中国地壳运动观测网络的概况和目前的进展,论述了地壳运动观测网络在地球科学研究中的重要作用和应用前景。其应用潜力主要体现在:①在中国地壳运动监测研究中发挥重要作用,成为中国地震预测预报研究的重要基础;②为地球动力学研究提供重要的依据;③建立维持ITRF地球参考框架、研究地球自转、极移和章动及变化;④精化、加密全国大地网和大地水准面;⑤在气象学中的应用;⑥研究电离层电子浓度及其变化规律;⑦提供精密近实时的GPS轨道参数;⑧为广域差分定位奠定基础。