一种三维正交方位各向异性介质岩石 物理建模及弹性波正演模拟方法

通过线性滑动理论和岩石物理等效理论, 将两组正交直立裂隙介质等效为一种正交方位各向异性介质进行三维岩石物理建模, 通过高阶交错网格有限差分求解弹性波动方程模拟地震波在该种介质中的传播过程. 在建模过程中改变物性参数, 分析不同裂隙密度条件下的炮集和波场特征, 以及正交各向异性的方位特征. 研究结果表明, 各向异性强度随裂隙密度等物性增大而增强, 而且这些特征在共炮点道集和波场中均有所体现.      

一种地应力连续测量系统的标定方法

在地应力连续测量方法"渗透率法"的基础上,设计了一种对观测系统进行标定的方法。经对原有推导结果进行数学转换,给出了新的计算公式以及其中有关参数的测定方法。结果表明,经过标定之后,原有的连续相对测量方法可转换为抗干扰性强、灵敏度高、经济简便且物理意义确切的有效正应力连续测量方法。     

A method for inversion of layered shear wavespeed azimuthal anisotropy from Rayleigh wave dispersion using the Neighborhood Algorithm

Seismic anisotropy provides important constraints on deformation patterns of Earth's material. Rayleigh wave dispersion data with azimuthal anisotropy can be used to invert for depth-dependent shear wavespeed azimuthal anisotropy, therefore reflecting depth-varying deformation patterns in the crust and upper mantle. In this study, we propose a two-step method that uses the Neighborhood Algorithm(NA) for the point-wise inversion of depth-dependent shear wavespeeds and azimuthal anisotropy from Rayleigh wave azimuthally anisotropic dispersion data. The first step employs the NA to estimate depthdependent VSV(or the elastic parameter L) as well as their uncertainties from the isotropic part Rayleigh wave dispersion data. In the second step, we first adopt a difference scheme to compute approximate Rayleigh-wave phase velocity sensitivity kernels to azimuthally anisotropic parameters with respect to the velocity model obtained in the first step. Then we perform the NA to estimate the azimuthally anisotropic parameters Gc/L and Gs/L at depths separately from the corresponding cosine and sine terms of the azimuthally anisotropic dispersion data. Finally, we compute the depth-dependent magnitude and fast polarization azimuth of shear wavespeed azimuthal anisotropy. The use of the global search NA and Bayesian analysis allows for more reliable estimates of depth-dependent shear wavespeeds and azimuthal anisotropy as well as their uncertainties.We illustrate the inversion method using the azimuthally anisotropic dispersion data in SE Tibet, where we find apparent changes of fast axes of shear wavespeed azimuthal anisotropy between the crust and uppermost mantle.     

Mantle anisotropy across the southwestern boundary of the Ordos block,North China

Located at the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau,the Ordos block is a stable tectonic unit in North China.With its active boundary fault zones,the Ordos block played an important role in the eastward extrusion mechanism of the Tibetan plateau.Peking University deployed a linear array of 15 portable broadband seismometers across the western Weihe graben during September 2005 to August 2006 and later a 2-D seismic array(Southwest Ordos Array) of 14 portable broadband seismometers during 2007-2008 at its southwestern boundary.Analyses of shear wave splitting of SKS and SKKS phases at these stations show that the fast directions trend ～110° with an average delay time of 0.9 s in the southwestern margin of the Ordos block.The agreement between the lithosphere deformation indicated by GPS data and Quaternary fault slip-rate observations and the mantle flow represented by shear wave splitting implies that accordant deformation patterns from lithosphere to asthenosphere in relation to the eastward extrusion of the Tibetan plateau could extend at least to 200 km depth.Spatial distribution of splitting polarization directions indicates that the mantle flow driven by the Tibetan plateau is blocked by the Ordos block and locally restricted in a narrow channel along the Qinling-Dabie fault zones between the Ordos block and Sichuan basin.     

各向异性和非均质黏土粗糙地基承载力上限计算

通过构建一种网格状多刚性块破坏机制,利用上限法研究了黏土地基各向异性和非均质对粗糙条形基础地基承载力的影响。该破坏机制允许滑动面和速度矢量沿破坏区域过渡区的径向和切向发生变化,形成了更为精确的破坏机制和塑性流动速度场。根据上限定理得到各向异性和非均质性黏土上条形基础极限承载力的目标函数,将其转化为非线性规划问题,并通过编程对该计算模型进行求解。与已有研究成果对比分析表明,两者具有较好一致性,且优于现有同类方法。文中亦探讨了黏土地基非均质、各向异性以及其他相关参数对地基承载力的影响。     

各向异性砂土K0试验研究

静止土压力系数K0是岩土工程分析计算中的重要力学参数之一。实际工程中墙后填土由于碾压都具有不同程度的各向异性。制备了不同沉积方向的砂土试样,通过三轴排水剪切试验研究了砂土的各向异性。在研制应变路径试验设备的基础上给出了静止土压力系数的测量方法,研究了不同沉积方向对于K0的影响,并将试验测得的静止土压力系数与Jaky公式以及土压力离心模型试验结果进行了对比,离心模型试验结果与材料单元试验结果一致,证明了测量方法的有效性及结果的正确性。研究结果表明,各向异性条件下的K0值比各向同性时明显偏大。     

考虑各向异性、剪胀和渗流的柱孔扩张问题统一解

基于统一强度理论,考虑渗流、各向异性、剪胀特性以及中主应力等因素的综合影响,推导了柱孔扩张问题弹塑性解答。结果表明,富水条件下的扩孔问题中考虑渗流体积力的影响是非常有必要的,不考虑渗流影响的扩孔压力比实际工程偏小;渗流体积力越大,塑性区半径越小。另外,传统的扩孔解答假定土体为各向同性初始应力状态高估了极限扩孔压力,也低估了扩孔过程中圆孔周边的塑性区范围,造成工程安全等级偏低。该结果为海底圆形隧道以及渗流条件下地下水平构筑物施工弹塑性分析提供了理论依据,对工程设计具有一定参考价值。     

煤层气开发井网优化设计

煤层气田井网布置的好坏直接影响到煤层气开发的成败以及最终采收率的高低。通过数值模拟方法,给出了煤层气井网优化设计的原则以及井网优化设计考虑的因素,如井间干扰、各向异性、井距与排距之比、井网密度、井网方位等,并利用数值模拟软件对鄂尔多斯盆地某区块进行了开发井网的优化设计,为该区的煤层气开发方案设计提供了合理依据。      

磁化率各向异性椭球三维图形显示的VB .net实现

磁组构在地球科学研究中具有广泛的应用.磁化率各向异性椭球形状可以反映丰富的地质信息.目前磁化率各向异性测量仪器所用软件不能以图形的方式直观地反映样品的磁化率椭球形状,其数据以二进制及文本方式存储,以纯文本方式显示,需借助其它数据处理与绘图程序来判别椭球形状.使用Visual Basic.net编程语言计算岩石样品的主磁化率及主方向,再调用Mathematica数学系统软件核心显示磁化率各向异性椭球的三维图形,调用Grapher绘图程序核心显示主方向,测量数据可直接存储到Excel文件中.首次实现了显示磁化率各向异性椭球的三维图形的功能,同时可以显示主方向的二维图形,可以进行从样品坐标系到地理坐标系的转换及手动输入15个方向磁化率数据进行主磁化率与主方向的计算.     

Correlation between optical, chemical and micro-structural parameters of high-rank coals and graphite

In order to identify the parameters that best characterize the chemical and structural evolution of organic matter during coalification, the relationships between optical, chemical and micro-structural parameters in high-rank coals and natural graphite were studied. The samples include anthracites from Peñarroya–Belmez–Espiel Basin (Spain), Douro Basin (Portugal), and Alto Chicama Basin (Peru); and natural graphite from Canada, Mozambique, and Austria.Correlations between the following optical parameters were assessed: vitrinite random reflectance (R_r), Reflectance Indicating Surfaces (RIS) axis (R_MAX, R_INT and R_MIN), and RIS parameters (R_am, R_ev and R_st), as well as B_w and AI anisotropy parameters. Furthermore, the chemical parameters used were chosen according to their significant variation in coals, namely volatile matter, carbon, and hydrogen contents calculated in dry ash free basis (VM_daf, C_daf, H_daf), as well as the H/C atomic ratio. Structural organization was characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy and XRD. Raman parameters used were the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and position of G and D1 bands on the first-order Raman spectrum, and the ID1/IG intensity area ratio. The selected XRD parameters were interlayer spacing d₀₀₂, and crystallite sizes L_a and L_c.Results show that: (i) R_MAX RIS axis seems to correlate best with chemical and micro-structural parameters; (ii) for the majority of studied samples, H_daf and H/C atomic ratio are the only chemical parameters with significant correlations with R_MAX; (iii) the FWHM of the G band of Raman spectrum shows good linear correlation with the XRD parameter d₀₀₂; and, (iv) structural organization of carbon materials, as measured by trends in their optical and crystalline parameters, is influenced by their hydrogen content (daf basis) and therefore by the H/C atomic ratio.