中国东北-华北地区地壳厚度与泊松比及其地质意义

本文通过收集和综合分析已有的接收函数H-k研究结果,给出了中国东北-华北地区的地壳厚度与波速比/泊松比分布图.本研究表明该区地壳最薄的地方出现在松辽盆地和华北平原地区（28~35 km）;大兴安岭、燕山-太行地区的地壳厚度介于36~45 km范围,其中燕山造山带地壳厚度由东向西逐渐增加;而最厚的地方则出现在鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘（~55 km）.研究区平均波速比为1.76±0.05,较全球大陆平均值明显偏高,这可能与中、新生代以来该区显著的岩石圈减薄与破坏过程相关.其中地壳波速比最高的地方出现在山西地堑、长白山、大同-张家口等新生代火山区,意味着这些地区可能具有较高的地壳温度或存在广泛的壳内部分熔融.本文研究显示,大兴安岭造山带地区地壳厚度与波速比/泊松比成负消长关系,推测大兴安岭在形成过程中,地壳的增厚以长英质上地壳增厚为主.与大兴安岭地区不同,松辽盆地及周边地区地壳厚度与泊松比没有明显的相关性,表明松辽盆地可能具有复杂的形成与演化过程.     

南海北部琼东南盆地地层结构与地壳伸展特征

琼东南盆地发育于前新生代基底之上,作为南海被动大陆边缘一部分,记录了南海北部裂陷盆地结构及其演化.利用最新钻井、反射地震、重力等资料,分析新生代盖层和前新生代基底地壳结构,建立盆地地层结构模型,然后计算全盆地地壳伸展变化特征.结果表明:新生代地层序列的盆地充填由西向东逐渐减薄,古近纪、新近纪以及第四纪期间(45 Ma~现今)最后沉积中心呈现逐渐向西或西南迁移趋势.下地壳局部表现为地震速度偏高(厚度2~4 km,v_P>7.0 km·s^-1,水平延伸范围约为40~70 km).重震联合模拟显示这里存在密度偏高特征,推测存在可能与张裂晚期和扩张早期岩浆物质底侵或混合到伸展程度较低的大陆地壳有关.计算获得的前新生代基底地壳厚度由在弱展区域陆架区约25 km,在减薄最大区域中央坳陷为3 km.伸展系数(β)最高值大于6.0出现在中央坳陷,低值小于2.0在坳陷南北两侧,说明地壳在盆地中央拉伸比较剧烈.     

Geological and geophysical evidences for mud diapirism in south-eastern Sicily (Italy) and geodynamic implications

A recent investigation on the northern margin of the Hyblean Plateau in south-eastern Sicily highlights the occurrence of a clayey diapiric intrusion into the foreland carbonate series. The piercing body, exposed along a ∼270 long and ∼30 m deep NE-SW elongated quarry, consists of serpentinite-bearing clayey material. As suggested by the internal contractional features and by its geometric relations with the adjacent rocks, the clayey body intruded in the foreland series producing on its flanks a set of domino-arranged normal faults which nucleated as a result of gravitative collapse. Taking into account previous petrological studies, which provided information about the origin of the mud, a deep geodynamic model for the northern part of the Hyblean Plateau is here presented. The mud diapirs originated from the uprising of pre-existing serpentinite bodies and others products of alteration probably developed along an ancient ridge-transform intersection where a hydrothermally altered mantle wedge occurred. This interpretation is supported by seismic, magnetic and gravimetric anomalies beneath the analyzed area and has implications on its geodynamic evolution.     

Crustal velocity and strain rate fields in the Balearic Islands based on continuous GPS time series from the XGAIB network (2010–2013)

In this paper, we present a first estimation, using the GIPSY-OASIS software, of the crustal velocity and strain rate fields in the Balearic Islands (Spain), based on continuous GPS observations from the XGAIB network spanning the period 2010–2013. The XGAIB network consists of nine permanent, widely distributed stations that have operated continuously since 2010. In this paper, we describe the XGAIB network and the CGPS data processing and present our principle results in terms of the position time series and velocities of all of the sites, which were observed for more than three and a half years. In addition, strain tensors were estimated from the velocity field to obtain the first realistic crustal deformation model of the archipelago. The strains exhibit gradual variation across the Balearic Islands, from WNW–ESE extension in the southwest (Ibiza and Formentera) to NW–SE compression in the northeast (Menorca). These results constitute an advance in our knowledge of the tectonics of the western Mediterranean region.     

Apulian crust: Top to bottom

We investigate the crustal seismic structure of the Adria plate using teleseismic receiver functions (RF) recorded at 12 broadband seismic stations in the Apulia region. Detailed models of the Apulian crust, e.g. the structure of the Apulian Multi-layer Platform (AMP), are crucial for assessing the presence of potential décollements at different depth levels that may play a role in the evolution of the Apenninic orogen. We reconstruct S-wave velocity profiles applying a trans-dimensional Monte Carlo method for the inversion of RF data. Using this method, the resolution at the different depth level is completely dictated by the data and we avoid introducing artifacts in the crustal structure. We focus our study on three different key-elements: the Moho depth, the lower crust S-velocity, and the fine-structure of the AMP. We find a well defined and relatively flat Moho discontinuity below the region at 28–32 km depth, possibly indicating that the original Moho is still preserved in the area. The lower crust appears as a generally low velocity layer (average Vs = 3.7 km/s in the 15–26 km depth interval), likely suggestive of a felsic composition, with no significant velocity discontinuities except for its upper and lower boundaries where we find layering. Finally, for the shallow structure, the comparison of RF results with deep well stratigraphic and sonic log data allowed us to constrain the structure of the AMP and the presence of underlying Permo–Triassic (P–T) sediments. We find that the AMP structure displays small-scale heterogeneities in the region, with a thickness of the carbonates layers varying between 4 and 12 km, and is underlain by a thin, discontinuous layer of P–T terrigenous sediments, that are lacking in some areas. This fact may be due to the roughness in the original topography of the continental margins or to heterogeneities in its shallow structure due to the rifting process.     

福建仙游ML5.0级地震波形分析

2013年9月4日,福建仙游发生ML5.0级地震,这是福建数字地震台网建成以来记录到的该区域最大地震.本文就此次地震的记录波形进行分析,结果表明：仙游ML5.0级地震的震相出现规律符合一般近震记录特征;在波形中分析出sPn震相,并据此测定地震的震源深度为11.1 km,与Hyposat方法测定结果一致;用初至首波估算出震区的地壳厚度约为25.2 km.     

GNSS在天津地震监测中的发展与初步应用

近年来,GNSS观测技术在天津地区获得了迅速发展.截止目前,天津已建成由11个连续GNSS观测站组成的地壳运动观测网,并获得超过2年的连续GNSS观测资料.本文详细阐述了以GNSS观测技术为主要观测手段的天津市地壳运动观测网络的组网过程和布网原则,并对其数据处理结果进行了初步分析.结果表明,天津市地壳运动观测网能够满足mm级地壳运动监测的要求.其对日本“3.11”地震有较强反应,远场同震位移幅度达到7-9mm;同时GNSS连续站可成功观测到站点地面沉降变化趋势,最大年沉降量接近100mrn/a.     

基于离散元法的砂土破碎演化规律研究

颗粒破碎是影响砂土宏-微观力学性质的重要因素。采用改进型的可破碎颗粒生成方法,通过设置不同强度的平行黏结键模拟不同强度的可破碎颗粒,并借用基于离散元方法（DEM）的双轴压缩试验详细研究了可破碎性土在剪切过程中颗粒破碎率/平均破碎程度、微观尺度上的能量耗散分配机制、剪切破碎带形成以及断裂键各向异性的演化过程。结果表明,颗粒破碎强烈地影响砂土在宏观尺度上的力学响应、颗粒尺度上的能量分配机制以及剪切过程中的颗粒的组织结构演化。颗粒破碎主要影响小应变阶段各能量耗散元的分配机制,而在临界状态下剪切带内的颗粒摩擦以及破碎耗能是消耗外界功的主要因素。数值结果亦表明,颗粒的破碎伴随着整个剪切过程,但破碎率的增长速度却随着剪切应变的发展逐渐降低。另外,在剪切过程中,对于低破碎性土,在临界状态下剪切破碎带基本形成,带内的原有组织结构被打乱,断裂键的各向异性也随之弱化。     

基于光纤传感的多参量地震综合观测技术研究

面向地震综合观测需要,自主研制了窄线宽光纤光栅谐振腔,并将其作为核心传感元件,发展了一种基于有效腔长的光纤应变、地震波和温度多参量同步测量新方法。采用边带扫频激光技术实现了高精度多参量光纤信号同步解调,研制出了光纤地壳形变、地震与温度多参量探头,并开展了多参量地震综合观测实验。实验结果表明,所研制的光纤多参量传感系统应变与温度测量分辨率分别达到4.7×10^-10和6×10^-5℃,能够同时记录到清晰的固体潮汐信号、地震波信号以及环境温度扰动,有望为多参量地震同步观测提供先进的技术手段。     

延安Q3原状黄土渗透各向异性及微结构分析

为研究原状马兰黄土的渗透各向异性,以延安削山造地重大工程开挖所揭露的完整黄土剖面中的马兰黄土层为研究对象,采用室内变水头渗透试验获取不同埋深不同渗流时长原状黄土垂直向和水平向的渗透系数,并对试验前后黄土试样垂直向和水平向SEM（scanning electron microscope）电镜扫描结果进行分析,从微观结构上揭示原状马兰黄土结构各向异性的原因。结果表明：原状黄土垂直向和水平向饱和渗透系数具有显著各向异性,且垂直向和水平向渗透系数都随渗流时间的持续而减小,各向异性渗透性能在时间尺度上具有某种衰减关系;同时,原状黄土各向异渗透性能随埋深的增大而逐渐减弱;土颗粒结构的接触、排列方式是导致黄土原生各向异性的根本原因,也是导致渗流初始阶段渗透系数各向异性的原因,而渗流作用产生的次生结构各向异性则使渗透系数各向异性在时间尺度上表现得更为明显。