自组织临界现象和重整化群方法在中期地震预报中的应用研究

本文讨论了大震前的自组织临界现象，认为在大地震发生前地壳处于自组织临界状态。不同规模的地震反映地壳中不同尺度裂隙的产生或扩展。设ｐ０，ｐ１，．．．，ｐｎ是不同尺度岩石块体中产生或扩展裂隙的概率，根据重整化群理论，数列｛ｐ０，ｐ１，．．．ｐｎ｝有极限。其极限值可能是０或１。选定一个临界值ｐ，如果ｐ０＞ｐ，则ｐｎ－１；反之，若ｐ０－ｐ。在本文中，作者根据地震资料研究了青藏高原北部地区的临界概率ｐ值，得     

Viscous effects on penetrating shafts in clays

The penetration of rigid objects such as piles and penetrometers into soils creates a zone of soil disturbance around them. The extent of this disturbed zone influences the resistance of the moving rigid body. This paper presents a theoretical framework to analyze the resistance in the disturbed zone created by a shaft penetrating a clay soil. The soil is modeled as a viscous material after it reaches failure [critical state (CS)]. The results of this analysis show that the viscous drag stress component on the shaft surface is influenced by the size of disturbed zone that has reached CS around the shaft, the shear viscosity of the soil and the velocity profile (or strain rate) in the CS zone around the shaft. The size of CS zone, the velocity profile and the viscosity of soil are interdependent. Large variation in viscous drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone is less than four times the shaft’s radius. Limiting drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone exceeds six times the shaft’s radius. The theoretical velocity distribution of the movement of soil in the CS zone shows that the soil is dragged along with shaft in the near field (close to the shaft surface) and moves upwards in the far field.     

Deformation characteristics of lacustrine carbonate silt in the Julian Alps

The deformation characteristics, shear moduli and damping ratios of reconstituted lacustrine carbonate silt samples were investigated in different kinds of laboratory tests. Material from a landslide that occurred in a seismically very active area in Slovenia was used in the tests. The initial values of this material's deformation characteristics and the extent to which these values change due to increasing shear strain depend on a number of factors, such as the degree of saturation, the initial void ratio, over-consolidation, and the effective stresses. The use of a volumetric threshold strain has proved to be the best way of describing the shear modulus reduction curve irrespective of any other factors, and it fits well with the data obtained in the experiments. The critical state and consolidation lines for the investigated material are presented in the paper as deformational characteristics at critical strain levels. The material's liquefaction potential was studied for certain in situ conditions.     

一次暴雨天气过程的物理量分析

对2002年发生在闽东的一次暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明：螺旋度和对流有效位能对暴雨的预报有指示意义，暴雨产生在低层正螺旋度中心与高层负螺旋度中心相配合和中低层有不稳定能量储存的高能区。在暴雨强盛期，螺旋度呈中低层正值，高层负值的上下配置，最大值位于700hPa。对流有效位能大值区与暴雨中心相对应，对流有效位能的时空变化能较好地反映暴雨的时空演变特征。利用中尺度数值模式输出的结果对不稳定能量场进行分析表明，位势不稳定能量的释放是暴雨产生发展的可能机制之一。     

‘It’s more than just what it is’: Defetishising commodities, expanding fields, mobilising change…

Commodity geographies are politically weak. Geographical pedagogy isn’t particularly engaging. Radical geography should make connections. But it rarely leaves room for interpretation. Too much seems to be too didactic. And to preach to the converted. That’s a problem that needs attention. So, is it possible to develop a radical, less didactic, geography? With research funding, publication and teaching the way they are? To engage more students, more heartily, in the issues studied? To promote social justice, critical citizenship, and participatory democracy? But not by setting out the right ways to think, be, or act. Some film-makers, artists and writers have been able to do this. It seems. Subtly and cleverly. Through projects attempting to de-fetishise commodities. But their politics have been placed largely in the background, between the lines of, or separated out from, the presentation of scenes, things, relations, bodies, lives and voices. Seen and unseen elements of their audiences’ lives. Re-connected. Perhaps. Through communication strategies giving audiences something to think about and to think with, to argue about and to argue with. Putting themselves in the picture, in the process. These less didactic materials may be difficult to master for an exam or an essay. They may not make it clear who or what’s right or wrong or what audiences are supposed to do. But they could engage them in less direct ways. When they’re shopping for petrol or fish, or when they’re doing or thinking about completely different things. Things that may not even come under the heading of ‘production’ or ‘consumption’. This approach might be labelled as ‘weak’, ‘relativist’, a bit too ‘cultural’ ‘post-modern’, or ‘defunct’. But it’s an approach that may be radical in effect because its ‘politics’ aren’t so straightforward or ‘up front’. This paper is about changing relationships between research, writing, teaching, learning and assessment; expanding fields of commodity geographies to include classrooms as sites not only of ‘instruction’, but also of learning, for researchers and their students¹; showing how such learning might usefully shape research and writing elsewhere in these fields for those engaged in this defetishising project.     

中地壳的水-岩作用对相关的地球物理性质影响

对于地壳的地球物理详细探测发现中地壳普遍存在着高导层和低速层.高温高压下的矿物(岩石)-流体反应的化学动力学实验和水的性质研究可以提供我们认识地壳的地球物理探测结果的新信息.通常,中地壳大致位于15至25km的深度范围.高导层和低速层普遍存在于中地壳.各地的地壳厚度不同,但是中地壳和高导-低速层的深度范围十分相似.中地壳的顶界温度处于300℃,底界为450℃～500℃范围.为了认识中地壳的高导低速层的起因,作者重点做了模拟中地壳条件下水-岩相互作用实验,同时,分析了水在近临界区至超临界区的突变性质.矿物(钠长石、透辉石、阳起石)与水,玄武岩与水反应的化学动力学实验是使用流体通过叠层反应器的开放体系在25℃～400℃和22MPa下完成的.与水反应的矿物或岩石里的各个元素溶解到溶液里的释放速率一般不一样.硅酸盐矿物的硅的最大释放速率是在300℃.其它元素,如Na、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Al等释放速率在＜300℃时都高于硅的释放速率,在＞300℃时硅的释放速率要高于其它元素的释放速率.在水中的硅的大释放速率会导致硅酸盐矿物格架解体.作者假定地壳里普遍存在水占1%(体积).这时,地壳里会发生水-岩相互作用.中地壳的流体处于300℃～500℃.在由亚临界态进入超临界区的演化过程中,在跨越临界温度时水的性质发生剧烈变化.如密度、介电常数等热力学参数.这一变化会引起水/岩相互作用的反应动力学涨落,会导致中地壳岩层的硅的淋失,硅酸盐矿物解体,岩石崩塌.同时,在临界区水的性质强烈变化还有水的电导率、迁移性质、等,这会影响中地壳一些物理性质,如中地壳高导层和低速层的出现.     

Pullout resistance of single vertical shallow helical and plate anchors in sand

This paper presents analytical models to predict the pullout capacity and the load–displacement relationship for shallow single vertical helical and plate anchors in sand. The models were developed based on the failure mechanism deduced from laboratory testing and utilize the limit equilibrium technique. Expression was given to estimate the critical depth for a given anchor/soil conditions, which separates deep from shallow anchors. Furthermore, the radius of influence of a individual anchor on the ground surface is established, and accordingly, the spacing between anchors can be determined to avoid anchors interactions between anchors. The proposed theory compared well with the theories and the experimental data available in the literature.

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Résumé Cet article présente un model analytique pour prédire la résistance à l’arrachement et la relation charge-diplacement pour les ancrages à vis et plats verticaux superficiels ancrés dans le sable. Le model est basé sur le mécanisme de rupture déduit des essais de laboratoire et utilise la méthode d’analyse à l’équilibre limite. En outre, une expression a été proposé pour éstimer la profondeur critique pour un ancrage donné permettant d’identifier l’ancrage comme superficiel ou profond. Le rayon d’influence d’un ancrage à la surface du sable autour de l’ancrage a été établi, et par conséquent, l’espacement entre ancrages peut être déterminer pour éviter toute interaction. La théorie proposée montre une bonne concordance avec des résultats theoriques et expérimentaux rapports dans la literature.

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GIS use by an urban local body as part of e-governance in India

Government organizations in the developing world have been at the forefront of ongoing reforms that have prompted their use of GIS and other information and communication technologies for urban governance. However, there have been very few examinations of GIS spatial knowledge construction in a non-Western context. Particularly, very little is known about the growing and varying use of GIS and spatial information by urban local bodies in India in the midst of India’s changing urban governance culture. This article presents an in-depth examination of Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC), one of India’s leading urban local bodies as the corporation implements e-governance strategies including the use of GIS and spatial information. Drawing from Critical GIS literature and GIS implementation and diffusion literature, this article uses an integrated approach to examine SMC’s GIS spatial knowledge construction. The article demonstrates that in the case of SMC, GIS knowledge construction is not only shaped by SMC’s proactive role in positioning itself with the national government’s priorities and agendas, but also by the presence of powerful actors who play an instrumental role in introducing change and innovation. This article is part of a larger project that aims to investigate the process of GIS spatial knowledge construction situated in contemporary India.     

Critical state behaviour of weakly bonded soil in drained state

A series of consolidated drained triaxial test was performed on weakly bonded soils that were artificially prepared by mixing sand (87%) and kaolin (13%). To create weakly bond strength, samples were fired at 500°C for 5 h. A critical state (CS) concept was used to interpret the results in order to describe the behaviour of the studied soil. Defining the CS is not always straightforward. Several tests showed changing in deviator stress q and volumetric strain ε_v up to the end of tests. Hence, defining the CS requires careful assessments on q–ε_a, Δu–ε_a, q–p′ and v–ln p′ spaces which were performed. A ‘discontinuity’ approach was applied to position the CS on dilatant path in v–ln p′ spaces after considering stress-strain and volumetric strain curves. The critical state line in a v–ln p? space from bonded samples exhibited differences to the destructured samples. This suggests that the influence of cementation bond is substantially clear at lower stresses but as stresses increase beyond the stress yield, cementation degradation becomes more significant. The effect of bonding can be clearly visualised from the normalisation of the stress paths of destructured and bonded samples.     

煤系古风化岩相似材料配比研究

为制备具有力学性质递变特征的相似材料试样,本文通过水泥石膏相似材料的配比试验,得到了两种骨料(标准砂和河沙)相似材料力学性质与配比间的关系.在拟合河沙相似材料的室内力学测试数据的基础上,得到了配比值关于抗压强度和弹性模量的确定公式.试验表明:用水量、成型压力和平均骨料粒径对相似材料的力学性质均有不同程度的影响,在制样过程中需要加以控制; 低强度相似材料的抗拉强度不易控制,而单轴抗压强度和弹性模量对配比的变化有明显响应; 河沙相似材料的力学性质与配比间呈明显的线性关系,而标准砂相似材料存在临界骨料含量和临界水泥含量表现出明显的非线性特征; 在调整配比所能实现的抗压强度和弹性模量的变化范围内,相似材料能够较好地模拟单轴抗压强度大于3MPa的风化岩.