岩石高速摩擦实验与地震物理过程

简述了最近20年来国内外岩石高速摩擦实验研究领域的进展和动态:岩石高速摩擦实验技术的发展实现了对高滑动速率、大位移的地震过程的实验模拟;其结果揭示了岩石和断层泥在地震滑动速率下的力学性状,深化了对断层滑动弱化机制、临界滑动距离、以及地震发生过程的认识和理解;实验在假玄武玻璃成因方面取得了重要进展,并提出了断层发生地震滑动可能留下的其它地质证据,可望为研究断层滑动性状与地震物理过程提供新的思路和信息.岩石高速摩擦实验今后的发展方向主要包括:发展具有加温系统和孔隙压系统的岩石高速摩擦实验装置,研究水热作用下岩石和断层泥的高速摩擦性状;室内实验和地震资料分析相结合研究断层滑动和地震机制;室内实验和野外地质调查相结合探索断层发生地震错动的地质证据等等.     

Critical caving erosion width for cantilever failures of river bank

The cantilever failure is one of the typical bank failures, in which the lateral caving erosion at the bottom of the bank plays an important role. When the caving erosion width is larger than a certain value, the cantilever failures such as shear, toppling and stress failures may occur. In order to understand the condition of the cantilever failure, the collapse mechanisms of the cantilever failures are studied based on the bank stability theory and flume experiment. According to the bank stability equation with the lateral erosion, the critical caving erosion width (CCEW) formulas for the shear and toppling failures of simple slope bank were derived in this paper. The formulas show that the CCEW increases as the overhanging soil thickness and soil cohesion increase, and decreases as the crack depth on the bank surface and the slope angle of the bank increase. And these formulas were tested with experimental data, which shows the predicted values are good agreement with experimental data. The paper reveals a quantitative expression on the process of the river cantilever failure.     

泥页岩岩石物理建模研究

泥页岩由于其复杂的岩石特性（主要是裂缝及有机质的存在）,目前还没有有效的岩石物理模型可以较为精确的模拟其性质.本文在自洽模型和微分等效介质模型的基础上,引入Berryman三维孔隙形态及Brown-Korringa固体替代技术,建立适用于富有机质泥页岩的新型岩石物理模型.在此基础上进行正演分析,讨论不同孔隙形态对于自洽模型的临界孔隙度以及岩石速度的影响.正演分析的结果表明即使将未知的混合岩石作为背景岩石,微分有效介质模型的引入使得固体相和流体相仍然不是对称的,临界孔隙度不一定要落在0.4到0.6之间.且不同的孔隙形状对于自洽模型的临界孔隙度以及岩石的速度具有明显的影响.此外,基于岩石物理模型,文章讨论了不同孔隙形态、不同泥质含量时有机质对于岩石弹性性质的影响.最后利用一口页岩气井对该模型进行验证,预测的纵横波速度与测井结果吻合的很好,证明了该模型对于富有机质泥页岩的适用性.     

Effects of soil–structure interaction on seismic base isolation

The effects of soil–structure interaction on the performance of a nonlinear seismic base isolation system for a simple elastic structure are examined. The steady-state response of the system to harmonic excitation is obtained by use of the equivalent linearization method. Simple analytical expressions for the deformation of the base isolation system and of the superstructure at resonance are obtained in terms of an effective replacement oscillator characterized by amplitude-dependent frequency, damping ratio, and excitation. Numerical results suggest that the seismic response of a structure resting on an inelastic base isolation system may be larger when the flexibility of the soil is considered than the corresponding response obtained by ignoring the effects of soil–structure interaction. It is shown that, in the undamped case and in the absence of soil–structure interaction effects, a critical harmonic excitation exists beyond which the steady-state resonant response of the isolators and structure become unbounded.     

Understanding the Biogeochemical Process and Mechanism of Ecosystem Carbon Cycle from the Perspective of the Earth's Critical Zone

Previous research rarely considers the biogeochemistry process of the whole rock weathering layer-soil profile. The aim of Critical Zone science is re-understanding the structure and function of ecosystems from the canopy to bedrock, which emphasizes the relationship of material and energy between atmosphere and plant, between plant and soil, between soil and river in small watershed on the watershed scale. Carbon fixation and allocation are the key starting processes. Decomposition and transformation of soil carbon are the key turnover processes. Carbon migration and balance in small watershed are the key transfer processes. Further research is needed in the process, mechanism and ecology function of ecosystem carbon cycle from the canopy to bedrock based on the watershed scale. Carbon isotope technology has the function of indication, tracing and integration. Based on the ¹³C natural tracing and artificial labelling methods, we can further understand the process and mechnism of carbon biogeochemistry.     

Analysis of water seepage in a pavement system using the particulate approach

A particulate model has been developed to analyze the effects of transient and steady state seepage of water through a randomly-packed coarse-grained soil as an alternative to conventional seepage analysis based on continuum models. In this model, the soil skeleton and the pore water are volumetrically coupled in the transient and steady-state conditions. The concept of relative density has been used to define different compaction levels of the soil layers forming a pavement filter system and observe the seepage response to compaction. First, Monte–Carlo simulation is used to randomly pack discrete spherical particles from a specified particle size distribution (PSD) to achieve a desired relative density based on the theoretical minimum and maximum void ratios. Then, a water pressure gradient is applied across one two-layer unit to trigger water seepage. The interstitial pore water motion is idealized using Navier–Stokes (NS) equations with provision to incorporate the drag forces acting between the pore fluid and soil particles. The NS equations are discretized using finite differences and applied to discrete elements in a staggered, structured grid. The model predicted hydraulic conductivities are validated using widely used equations.     

关键矿产资源铟:主要成矿类型及关键科学问题

关键矿产资源(Critical Minerals)是国家经济繁荣、国防安全和技术飞跃的重要保障,是支撑我国战略性新兴产业(例如:洁净能源产业、光伏太阳能产业、新一代信息技术产业、航空航天装备等)快速稳定发展的重要金属原材料。世界主要经济发达体(如:美国、日本、欧盟、澳大利亚等)均开展了关键矿产资源的评价,制定了相应的关键矿产资源发展战略,其评价方式也由一维向多维发展,并且把环境因素和资源的循环回收利用列入关键的评价指标。铟作为关键矿产资源之一,是太阳能光伏产业和ITO靶材主要的金属材料。它一般易于在岩浆结晶的晚期富集,但近年来发现它在一些镁铁质岩石中也有高度富集的现象,显示出铟地球化学性质的两面性,因此,全面评价不同地质体中铟的富集规律是解决未来铟资源安全稳定供给的主要途径。预料未来若干年SEDEX和VMS矿床有可能成为铟资源的主要来源,火山岩中的铟异常富集也应当引起足够的重视。铟的主要载体矿物是硫化物。在不同类型的矿床中,铟的富集对矿物有选择性。铟的选择性超常富集(如铟窗、铟爆)机制将是未来一段时间铟成矿作用研究中的重要领域,而铟的原位定量分析技术的突破是解决这一关键科学问题的关键。     

A framework for a critical physical geography of ‘sacrifice zones’: Physical landscapes and discursive spaces of frac sand mining in western Wisconsin

The term sacrifice zone has been applied within activism, journalism, and scholarship to a wide range of polluted and degraded areas, including places playing host to relatively new extractive activities. This article proposes a conceptual framework for analyzing the phenomenon of the sacrifice zone within the emerging research paradigm of critical physical geography, using the illustrative case of frac sand mining in western Wisconsin, USA. In this case, we find that the meanings of sacrifice and the sacrifice zone vary along two major dimensions—the object of sacrifice and the initiator of sacrifice—and we propose that future research should attend to relationships between these dimensions and the efficacy of the framing for influencing future landscape change. We also argue that analyses in critical physical geography require investigating how in controversial situations some physical geographic (and human geographic) explanations and accounts stabilize as “matters of fact” and others emerge as disputed “matters of concern.” The latter, we contend, generate the conditions that lend themselves to the “sacrifice zone” frame. We suggest that this distinction both complicates and enriches efforts to integrate social and biophysical explanations.