An inverse hull design approach in minimizing the ship wave

The Levenberg–Marquardt Method (LMM) and a panel code for solving the wave-making problem are utilized in an inverse hull design problem for minimizing the wave of ships. A typical catamaran is selected as the example ship for the present study. The hull form of the catamaran is described by the B-spline surface method so that the shape of the hull can be completely specified using only a small number of parameters (i.e. control points). The technique of parameter estimation for the inverse design problem is thus chosen. The LMM of parameter estimation, which is the combination of steepest descent and Newton’s methods, has been proven to be a powerful tool for the inverse shape design problem. For this reason it is adopted in the present study.In the present studies, the inverse hull design method can not only be applied to estimate the hull form based on the known wave data of the target ship but can also be applied to estimate the unknown hull form based on the reduced wave height. The optimal hull forms of minimizing wave for a typical catamaran in deep water at service speed and at the critical speed of shallow water are estimated, respectively. Moreover, a new hull form with the combining feature of the optimal hull forms for deep water and shallow water is performing well under both conditions. The numerical simulation indicates that the hull form designed by inverse hull design method can reduce the ship wave significantly in comparison with the original hull form.     

Fine Sediment Resuspension Dynamics in Moreton Bay

A comprehensive field study has been undertaken to investigate sediment resuspension dynamics in the Moreton Bay, a large semi-enclosed bay situated in South East Queensland, Australia. An instrumented tripod, which housed three current meters, three OBS sensors and one underwater video camera, was used to collect the field data on tides, currents, waves and suspended sediment concentrations at four sites (Sites 1, 2, 4, and 5) in the bay. Site 1 was located at the main entrance, Site 2 at the central bay in deep water, and Sites 4 and 5 at two small bays in shallow water. The bed sediment was fine sand (d50=0.2 mm) at Site 1, and cohesive sediment at the other three sites. Based on the collected field data, it is found that the dominant driving forces for sediment resuspension are a combination of ocean swell and tidal currents at Site 1, tidal currents at Site 2, and wind-waves at Sites 4 and 5. The critical bed shear stress for cohesive sediment resuspension is determined as 0.079 Pa in unidirectional flow at Site 2, and 0.076 Pa in wave-induced oscillatory flow at Site 5.     

Assembling “Japantown”? A critical toponymy of urban dispossession in Vancouver,Canada

Geographic scholarship in critical toponymy has highlighted the importance of place naming as a form of discursive power within processes of urbanization. This paper builds on such literature and advances a novel theory of toponymic assemblage to interpret findings from a participatory research project in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver, Canada. We foreground neighborhood history in the form of a Japanese Canadian enclave and its wartime uprooting and dispossession, and trace the historical antecedents of a resurrected toponymy of “Japantown” that has appropriated and renarrated Japanese Canadian history to facilitate further rounds of dispossession. Using a genealogical method, we highlight three “moments” of Japanese Canadian uprooting, return, presence, and activism, demonstrating how toponymies are assembled in place in heterogeneous and historically contiguous ways. This approach expands on current research in critical toponymy, offering a novel methodology for exploring the enrolment of toponymy, discourse, and materiality in the formation of place.     

北京山区基于临界土壤含水率的泥石流预警思路

北京山区地质构造条件复杂,新构造活动频繁,人为活动剧烈,泥石流地质灾害较为发育,对人民的生命财产造成较大的威胁,如何利用泥石流发生前的物理特征进行预警,是北京市突发地质灾害防治的重要研究课题。本文首先介绍了以泥石流沟物源区土体的临界土壤含水率为短临预警的理论依据,然后以北京山区密云、门头沟、房山3个区县25条泥石流沟安装的土壤含水率仪为实例,详细阐述了土壤含水率预警系统建设的关键步骤,包括:监测沟谷的选择、土壤含水率仪的选型、仪器的安装及标定以及野外含水率数据的传输。预警研究成果,为首都地质灾害预警工作提供新的技术方法和手段。     

准周期性磁结构的形成过程及其特征的数值分析

在入流马赫数ＭＡ为０．１－０．４范围内，选取不同的入流，逐一考察在可压缩导电介质中磁场重联的类型随磁雷诺数Ｒｍ的变化．大量的数值结果表明：在不同入流驱动下，磁雷诺数（Ｒｍ）均有临界值存在，如果等离子体系统逐渐趋于稳定的单Ｘ线重联；若间歇性的次级撕裂产生了重复出现的磁结构，而且Ｍａ越大产生间歇性次级撕裂的临界值越高，与ＭＡ之间基本上符合线性关系．此外还发现，当多重Ｘ线重联间歇性地出现时，有关物理量发生准周期性地振荡．     

Alfven行波涌浪携带的场向电场──极光粒子加速机制

提出一个剪切Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波加速极光粒子的新模式。频率远小于离子回旋频率的Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波由磁层向电离层传播会演化成孤波，当场向电流超过离子声不稳定性的临界电流时，激发离子声不稳定性，波与粒子的相互作用产生反常阻尼使Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波演化成行波涌浪。它携带一个方向向上的平行电场，加速极光电子形成分立极光。对等离子体密度、电场及其对应的电势进行了数值计算，结果发现满足磁层加速区条件形成Ａｌｆｖｎ行波涌浪，提供足够强的加速粒子的电场。     

临界慢化期限与地震短临预报

lug慢化是统计物理学中的一个概念,即当一种相态向另一种相态突变之前,那种在旧相系统中出现的带有向新态转变的分散的涨落现象,不仅量值增大了,而且涨落的持续时间也拉长了。这种时间的拉长就叫做慢化。系统越接近突变的临界状态,这种慢化愈显著。对于大地震来说,在临近大震孩们练应力保持态为旧相,大洋动放为新相。在由旧相向新相转变的时候,会出现小释放态的涨落。如果这种小释放态的涨落加剧,最后演变为大释放阶段,则此时旧相完全转变为新相。     

Flow competence: A criticism of a classic concept

The largest grains found in samples of transported sediment are commonly used to estimate flow competence. With samples from a range of flows, a relationship between the flow and the largest mobile grain can be derived and used to estimate the critical shear stress for incipient motion of the different grain sizes in the bed sediment or, inversely, to estimate the magnitude of the flow from the largest grain found in a transport sample. Because these estimates are based on an extreme value of the transport grain-size distribution, however, they are subject to large errors and are sensitive to the effect of sample size, which tends to vary widely in sediment transport samples from natural flows. Furthermore, estimates of the critical shear stress based on the largest sampled moving grain cannot be scaled in a manner that permits reasonable comparison between fractions. The degree to which sample size and scaling problems make largest-grain estimates of fractional critical shear stress deviate from a true relationship cannot be predicted exactly, although the direction of such a deviation can be demonstrated. The large errors and unknown bias suggest that the largest sampled mobile grain is not a reliable predictor of either critical shear stress or flow magnitude. It is possible to define a single flow competence for the entire mixture, based on a central value of the transport grain-size distribution. Such a measure is relatively stable, does not require between-fraction scaling, and appears to be well supported by observation.     

Hydraulic geometry and changes in flow velocity at a river confluence with coarse bed material

A survey of flows was conducted at a river confluence with coarse bed material. Bridges were installed on both tributaries, at the confluence and farther downstream on the receiving stream. At these stations, flow velocities were measured over a dense grid for seven conditions ranging from very low flows to the bankfull stage. Hydraulic geometry relationships established at all four stations revealed that flow is accelerated through the confluence as stage rises. At bankfull discharge, average velocity is 1.6 times higher at the confluence than on either tributary. Flow acceleration occurs at and above intermediate flow stages and is concentrated at the centre of a linear pool located at the confluence. The development of a zone of high shear stress is also associated with the cell of high flow velocity. Flow acceleration is dissipated at the exit of the pool where water surges over boulder ribs. The acceleration is not related to the development of flow separation zones as observed by Best and Reid (1984) for wide junction angles, nor is it explained by the reduction of the friction exerted by the banks. Acceleration is associated with the plan geometry of the confluence, with the lateral slopes which permit water to converge, and with a reduction in grain roughness at the confluence. Owing to the curvature of the tributary and to the acute angle of entry, relative power losses through the confluence decrease with increasing stages.     

A critical state two-surface plasticity model for gravelly soil-structure interfaces under monotonic and cyclic loading

An elasto-plastic model is proposed for modeling the constitutive behavior of the interface between gravelly soils and structural materials. This model is based on the two-surface plasticity formulation and it is compatible with the concept of critical state soil mechanics. The model requires the same set of eight calibration parameters for predicting the monotonic and cyclic responses of both loose and dense interfaces. The model simulates cyclic densification, shear degradation and the effects of normal pressure, soil density, and stress path. The performance of the proposed constitutive model is validated by tests data under different normal stresses and boundary conditions.