Modeling of turbidity dynamics caused by wind-induced waves and current in the Taihu Lake

A simple turbidity model was developed with a sound physical basis based on in situ high-frequency observations of short-term, strong wind-induced sediment suspension in Taihu Lake, China. The validation results show that the model could successfully simulate turbidity caused by strong wind events, despite the relatively poor simulation accuracy for high values of turbidity caused by the entrainment of cyanobacteria by turbulence. The in situ observations and model simulation results indicate that the wind waves were within a narrow spectral band, with spectral energy mainly distributed within the 0.28–0.75 Hz band on opposite sides of the peak frequency. These high-frequency and low-energy wind waves are sensitive to depth filtering. However, the average depth of the lake is only 1.9 m, and wind waves still represent the main force of sediment suspension at the sediment-water interface. Moreover, lake currents were of significance to the maintenance of background turbidity in calm waves or ripples and in the determination of critical shear stress. By considering the spatial distribution of hydrodynamics and sediment, the model can be used to simulate the turbidity of the entire lake as well as boundary conditions for three-dimensional numerical models.     

新疆2次中强地震前的临界慢化现象研究

以2011年尼勒克、巩留交界6．0级和新源、和静交界6．6级地震为例,研究了2次地震前周边的形变和流体资料临界慢化现象。首先,用小波变换方法对观测资料进行了预处理,然后计算了临界慢化现象的预警指标,方差和自相关系数,进而总结了2次6级地震发生前观测资料的临界慢化现象特征。结果表明,2次6级地震前出现了临界慢化现象。     

剪切波速对场地地表地震动参数的影响

本文以江淮地区典型场地资料为原型,将土层剪切波速实测值按照一定比例进行增减,构造多种场地土层地震反应分析模型,选择Taft、E1centro和Kobe三条强震记录作为地震输入,采用一维频域等效线性化波动方法进行了土层地震反应分析.研究结果表明,剪切波速的变异性与场地地表地震动的影响程度与输入基岩地震动的频谱特性、幅值、土层结构等因素有关.地表峰值加速度随着剪切波速的增大而逐渐增大,地表加速度反应谱的特征周期随着剪切波速的增大而逐渐减小.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000096

According to the metallogenic theory by transmagmatic fluid(TMF).one magmalic intrusion is a channel of ore-bearing fluids,but not their source.Therefore,it is possible to use TMF’s ability for injection into and for escaping from the magmatic intrusion to evaluate its ore-forming potential.As the ore-bearing fluids cannot effectively inject into the magmatic intrusion when the magma fully crystallized, the cooling time and rates viscosity varied can be used to estimate the minimum critical thickness of the intrusion.One dimensional heat transfer model is used to determine the cooling time for three representative dikes of different composition(granite porphyry,quartz diorite and diabase) in the Shihu gold deposit.It also estimated the rates viscosity varied in these lime interval.We took the thickness of dike at the intersection of the cooling time—thickness curve and the rates viscosity varied versus thickness curve as the minimum critical thickness.For the ore-bearing fluids effectively injecting into the magma,the minimum critical thicknesses for the three representative dikes are 33.45 m for granite porphyry,8.22 m for quartz diorite and 1.02 m for diabase,indicating that ore-bearing dikes must be thicker than each value.These results are consistent with the occurrence of ore bodies,and thus they could be applied in practice.Based on the statistical relationship between the length and the width of dikes.these critical thicknesses are used to compute critical areas:0.0003—0.0016 km~2 for diabase. 0.014—0.068 km~2 for quartz diorite and 0.011—0.034 km~2 for granite porphyry.This implies that orebearing minor intrusions have varied areas corresponding to their composition.The numerical simulation has provided the theoretical threshold of exposed thickness and area of the ore-bearing intrusion.These values can be used to determine the ore-forming potentials of dikes.     

琼中地震台PET重力仪和CTS-1EF地震计记录的热带气旋信号特征分析

收集了琼中地震台PET重力仪和CTS-1EF地震计在“威马逊”“海鸥”“莎莉嘉”等3个热带气旋影响期间的观测数据,通过计算获得速度和加速度。比较了热带气旋接近和远离琼中地震台时,重力仪、地震计记录的波形特征,并通过频谱、时频对比,分析重力仪和地震计数据受热带气旋影响的程度。结果表明,在热带气旋影响期间,2台仪器记录数据的速度与加速度具有较好的一致性,均有明显扰动,波形形态基本一致。但PET重力仪的最大扰动幅度均小于CTS-1EF地震计,热带气旋的信号主频段为0.15—0.25 Hz。     

Expected ground motion in the south-east of Spain due to an earthquake in the epicentral area of the 1910 Adra earthquake

To study the ground motion levelassociated with historical earthquakeslocated in Southern Spain, we have chosen ascenario placed in the Poniente Almeriense(Southeast Spain). In this zone, somerelevant historical earthquakes haveoccurred, such as those of 1522, 1804 and1910. In particular, the earthquakes of 1804 and 1910 the estimated and calculatedmagnitudes are of M = 6.3. Those earthquakestook place near the epicentral zone of aseismic series happened in 1993–94. As partof this series, two earthquakes with M5were recorded by strong ground motioninstruments on 23^rd December 1993, and 4^th January, 1994 at Adra, Almeríaand Motril. We have used the accelerationrecords as empirical Green functions inorder to simulate the expected groundmotion associated with a hypotheticalearthquake of magnitude M = 6.3 like those of1804 and 1910. The simulations have beencarried out for three sites (Almería,Adra and Motril) using three differentapproaches. A total of 30 simulations, foreach approach, have been carried out foreach ground motion component in each site.The peak ground acceleration (PGA) and theresponse spectra are compared with thevalues obtained through empiricalrelationships for the distances and soilconditions corresponding to the threechosen sites. The results of thesimulations show that the horizontal PGAcould exceed the values observed in23/XII/93 and 4/I/94 by a factor of 5–8,surpassing in some cases the value of 140gals. Besides, some of the peak spectralaccelerations simulated reach Sa_max =400 gals, Adra being the location where thehighest values of a_max andSa_max are reached, due to the nearnessof this station to the epicentres of 23/XII/93 and 4/I/94. At Almeria, the PGAvalues reach 40 gals, which may beconsidered as input in the bedrock. InMotril, the PGA surpass a value of 130gals, considering as due to a strong localsite effect. Finally, the peak groundacceleration (PGA) and the response spectraobtained with the simulations have beencompared with other values estimated through empirical relationships for similarconditions. The conclusions about theexpected ground motion levels have animportant application aimed at the revisionof the maximum acceleration and responsespectra of the Spanish building Code,NCSE-94.     

Shock acceleration of solar cosmic rays

We investigated the acceleration of solar cosmic rays (SCRs) by the shock waves produced by coronal mass ejections. We performed detailed numerical calculations of the SCR spectra produced during the shock propagation in the solar corona in terms of a model based on the diffusive transport equation using a realistic set of physical parameters for the corona. The resulting SCR energy spectrum N(ε) ∝ ε^?γ exp [? (ε/ε_max)^α] is shown to include a power-law portion with an index γ?2 that ends with an exponential tail with α ? 2.5 ? β, where β is the spectral index of the background Alfvén turbulence. The maximum SCR energy lies within the range ε_max = 1–300 MeV, depending on the shock velocity. Because of the steep spectrum of the SCRs, their backreaction on the shock structure is negligible. The decrease in the Alfvén Mach number of the shock due to the increase in the Alfvén velocity with heliocentric distance r causes the efficient SCR acceleration to terminate when the shock reaches a distance of r = 2–3R_⊙. Since the diffusive SCR propagation in this case is faster than the shock expansion, SCR particles intensively escape from the shock vicinity. A comparison of the calculated SCR fluxes expected near the Earth’s orbit with available experimental data indicates that the theory satisfactorily explains all of the main observed features.     

Sediment suspension dynamics and a new criterion for the maintenance of turbulent suspensions

The vertical component of the turbulent flow acceleration term, , is used to determine the net positive vertical force that may support a suspended sediment load. A dimensionless criterion, Λ, is proposed for the maintenance of suspension, defined as the ratio of the maximum vertical turbulent stress to immersed weight of the suspended load above a unit bed area. In order that a suspension be maintained: where v ′ is instantaneous vertical turbulent velocity, σ and ρ are solid and fluid densities, respectively and m is the suspended load dry mass. The Λ criterion is dynamic, being a ratio of stresses and is analogous in this respect to Shields dimensionless stress criterion, θ, for the initiation of bedload motion. The new criterion is successful in predicting the maintenance of steady-state suspended sediment transport in open channel shear flow and deposition from non-uniform particulate density flows of wall jet type.     

The problem of critical inclination combined with a resonance in mean motion in artificial satellite theory

In this paper the two-degree of freedom problem of a geosynchronous artificial satellite orbiting near the critical inclination is studied. First a local approach of this problem is considered. A semi-numerical method, well suited to describe the perturbations of a non-trivial separable system, is then applied such that surfaces of section illustrating the global secular dynamics are obtained. The results are confirmed by numerical integrations of the full Hamiltonian.Research Assistant for the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research