Rock glacier dynamics in a marginal periglacial high mountain environment: Flow, movement (1991–2000) and structure of the Argualas rock glacier, the Pyrenees

The Argualas rock glacier is located on the southern side of the Central Pyrenees (Argualas massif). Vertical electric sounding, debris surface analysis and a topographic survey were performed on this rock glacier between 1991 and 2000. High precision measurement records were obtained using a total station. Horizontal and vertical movements of the rock glacier were measured by means of sixteen steel rods. Horizontal and vertical angles and distances to each rod were measured from three stations on a bedrock ridge. Total and annual average displacements were derived from the emergence value and the horizontal displacement of each rod. Then the horizontal and vertical displacement rates in different sectors of the rock glacier were compared. The inferred surface deformation was characterized by both extensional and compressive flows as well as thinning of the frozen body. The displacement rates showed temporal variations related to atmospheric thermal changes, pointing to a high sensibility of the rock glacier.     

Deformation of natural gypsum rock: Mechanisms and questions

The deformation mechanisms of a natural gypsum rock were investigated in instantaneous and long-term laboratory tests. The mechanical behaviour of this rock is strongly influenced by the relative humidity, but this influence seems to be more important on the long-term behaviour. Apart from classical plastic mechanisms, we identify a damage-like mechanism assisted by the variation in relative humidity. Even though this mechanism contributes to the increase of creep strain rate, laboratory evidence shows that it is unrelated to oriented cracking, as usually is the case with stress-induced damage. This mechanism is thought to be due to the migration of water molecules from their sites in the crystalline structure of gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) while under stress. By entering the capillary space, these molecules contribute to the formation of adsorbed water layers and the increased thickness of these layers, thus reducing the interaction between neighbouring faces of gypsum crystals. So, more than effective stress, a complex mechanism reducing the creep activation energy, assisted by relative humidity and stress, is considered as the principal mechanism controlling the long-term behaviour of natural gypsum rock. Such a mechanism would also explain the traces of dissolution observed in pillars of underground gypsum quarries, where, because of the absence of water table, a dissolution-precipitation creep seems improbable.     

三峡永久船闸衬砌墙分水平缝对结构及结构锚杆受力影响研究

采用考虑三维接触非线性的结构温度徐变仿真计算方法, 针对三峡永久船闸 (全衬式和混合式)闸室墙整体和分缝两种结构形式进行了计算分析, 研究表明:闸室墙分水平缝可以有效地降低全衬式和混合式结构混凝土铅直向拉应力, 但使最大锚杆拉应力值和平均锚杆拉应力值增加, 分布的离散性增大, 在横缝和纵缝交点附近出现锚杆拉应力集中现象。     

活动断裂带上的粘滑和蠕滑标志及其研究意义

简要概述活动断裂带上粘滑与蠕滑标志研究进展,着重探讨活动断裂带中赋存的显微粘滑与蠕滑标志,立足于天然断错产物的微观观测与岩石实验成果相结合的分析,初步提出一些对比性较好的的活动方式标志,以此为活动断裂带粘滑和蠕滑段的划分提供微观依据,并就微观粘、蠕滑标志在断裂分段中的应用、定向微观活动方式标志的运动学和动力学意义以及利用其确定古地震期次和重复间隔等作了有益的讨论.     

前震预报与蠕动破裂的多体相互作用

一种被众多学者承认的论点是：孕震结构是彼此间即相互牵连又有共同成因的断裂构成的。我们知道，前震的地震活动征兆明显增加表明破裂的速率应遵从一种幂律关系。幂律关系的物理内涵是──大破裂是众多小破裂（看作众多子系统）之间的一种相互作用的结果（又称多体互作用）。深入讨论这种互作用是本文的核心。     

云母石英片岩斜坡弯曲倾倒变形的理论分析

片岩斜坡中弯曲倾倒变形是通过密集的片理上逐层剪切位移实现的。文中给出了瞬时变形终止时1与片理面法线夹角的理论公式。瞬时变形结束后, 由于片理面上剪应力作用, 将继续发生剪切蠕变。本文给出了随着时间t变化的公式。最后本文讨论了地下水压力在倾倒变形中的作用, 并在理论公式中考虑了这一因素。     

三峡库区土门子滑坡变形破坏机制分析

在研究土门子滑坡地质环境和变形特征的基础上,对滑坡的成因机制、变形破坏模式及起动机制进行了分析。结果表明,该滑坡为前缘牵引后缘平推式,现处于整体蠕动变形局部滑移阶段,持续强降雨是诱发其失稳破坏的主导因素,针对滑坡体可能沿多个剪出口发生变形破坏等特征、提出了相应工程防治建议,对指导该类工程的设计和施工具有参考意义。     

Characterization of regional land subsidence in Yangtze Delta, China: the example of Su-Xi-Chang area and the city of Shanghai

Su-Xi-Chang area and the city of Shanghai, located in the south of Yangtze Delta, China, has subsided due to groundwater overpumping. Because of the regional scale of the groundwater exploitation, cone of depression and land subsidence at present, Su-Xi-Chang area and Shanghai are treated as a single area for a land subsidence study, which could more clearly elaborate the relationships between the deformation features of hydrostratigraphic units and the different sites of the cone of depression. All hydrostratigraphic units in the study area were discussed throughout. Based on the field data, including data on compression of individual strata from groups of extensometers and groundwater levels from observation wells, the relationship between the deformation and the groundwater level was analyzed. The results indicate that the deformation features of the hydrogeologic units are greatly related to hydrogeologic properties and groundwater-level variations. An identical hydrogeologic unit may exhibit different deformation features in different locations such as along the periphery and in the center of the cone of depression. In addition, in the same location, a hydrogeologic unit also exhibits different features in different periods because of different groundwater level variations. The delay phenomenon of the sandy aquifer is not specific but occurs widely.     

相对蠕滑速率与特征地震复发间隔的估计——以小江断裂带为例

将特征地震之间的次级地震产生的位移看作相对蠕滑速率,推导了相对蠕滑速率的估算公式,进而分析了次级地震对特征地震复发间隔的影响,从而可以更好地与古地震资料对比以得到可靠的特征地震重复间隔     

Stress measurements in soft rocks

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that accurate and reliable in situ stress measurements can be performed in soft rocks. A quick overview of the mechanical behaviour of soft rocks is presented. After reviewing stress measurement techniques that have been used in soft rocks, the modified doorstopper technique is presented and the advantages it has over other techniques in soft rocks are underlined. Results from laboratory simulations in controlled conditions show that the technique is reliable and accurate. It is then shown, through field applications in a potash mine in Brazil, in an underwater tunnel in shales in Canada and in an exploratory drift in molassic rocks of the French Alps, how the technique yields results that can sometimes be confirmed by field observations.