The microstructure of polar ice. Part II: State of the art

An important feature of natural ice, in addition to the obvious relevance of glaciers and ice sheets for climate-related issues, is its ability to creep on geological time scales and low deviatoric stresses at temperatures very close to its melting point, without losing its polycrystalline character. This fact, together with its strong mechanical anisotropy and other notable properties, makes natural ice an interesting model material for studying the high-temperature creep and recrystallization of rocks in Earth's interior. After having reviewed the major contributions of deep ice coring to the research on natural ice microstructures in Part I of this work (Faria et al., 2014), here in Part II we present an up-to-date view of the modern understanding of natural ice microstructures and the deformation processes that may produce them. In particular, we analyze a large body of evidence that reveals fundamental flaws in the widely accepted tripartite paradigm of polar ice microstructure (also known as the “three-stage model,” cf. Part I). These results prove that grain growth in ice sheets is dynamic, in the sense that it occurs during deformation and is markedly affected by the stored strain energy, as well as by air inclusions and other impurities. The strong plastic anisotropy of the ice lattice gives rise to high internal stresses and concentrated strain heterogeneities in the polycrystal, which demand large amounts of strain accommodation. From the microstructural analyses of ice cores, we conclude that the formation of many and diverse subgrain boundaries and the splitting of grains by rotation recrystallization are the most fundamental mechanisms of dynamic recovery and strain accommodation in polar ice. Additionally, in fine-grained, high-impurity ice layers (e.g. cloudy bands), strain may sometimes be accommodated by diffusional flow (at low temperatures and stresses) or microscopic grain boundary sliding via microshear (in anisotropic ice sheared at high temperatures). Grain boundaries bulged by migration recrystallization and subgrain boundaries are endemic and very frequent at almost all depths in ice sheets. Evidence of nucleation of new grains is also observed at various depths, provided that the local concentration of strain energy is high enough (which is not seldom the case). As a substitute for the tripartite paradigm, we propose a novel dynamic recrystallization diagram in the three-dimensional state space of strain rate, temperature, and mean grain size, which summarizes the various competing recrystallization processes that contribute to the evolution of the polar ice microstructure.     

古树包滑坡滑带土蠕变经验模型

针对清江古树包滑坡滑带土的室内蠕变试验资料,结合经验模型理论,以双曲线函数描述蠕变应力-应变关系,并引入Morgan Mercer Florin函数,用来描述应变-时间关系,建立了一种新的蠕变经验模型。采用/ -关系曲线和遗传算法求解出了该模型的所有参数。经过计算,所建经验模型的计算结果与实际实验数据的相关系数在0.96以上,说明所建经验模型能有效地反映古树包滑坡滑带土的蠕变特性。     

Investigation of the cracking of CFRD face plates

The primary goal of this study was to examine the cracking behavior of the face plate of a CFRD over its life cycle. Analyses of the construction stage, impounding, long-term deformation and earthquake loading were conducted in sequential phases using a 2-D plane-strain model with the appropriate nonlinear constitutive relationships for the dam constituents. The state of stress and the cracking behavior of the plate were found to be substantially different in the short and long term. Earthquake loading appears to be a critical load condition for the face plate; cracking increased significantly after ground shaking.     

二十年来蠕变和短基线观测反映的鲜水河断裂带活动特征

利用鲜水河断裂带1990年1月-2009年12月的蠕变与短基线数据,采用小波变换与断层运动学分析方法,获取构造活动产生的断层形变速率.结合近场断层形变测量与GPS资料,分析了该断裂带的分段活动特征及时空演化.结果显示:(1)不同段落断层活动方式存在差异性.鲜水河断裂带分段活动现象显著,以道孚县为界,以北的炉霍、道孚断层走滑量相对较大且活动方式稳定,显示张性和左行走滑;以南的乾宁、折多塘断层活动微弱,走滑量小,且滑动状态复杂,其中,乾宁断层为压性和左行走滑,折多塘断层为微弱的右行走滑.这种分段活动特征可能与断层几何及巴颜喀拉块体内部次级块体的差异运动有关.(2)不同时期断层走滑方式存在交替性.鲜水河断裂带虽以左行走滑为主,但在汶川地震前一些断层段出现过逆向走滑现象.汶川地震前2年,炉霍、道孚断层左行走滑减弱,乾宁、折多塘断层在2007年出现过逆向走滑,至2009年底,逆向走滑区域保持扩展态势.(3)不同测点间距得到的断层错动速率和变形带空间分布特征不同.不同测量方法的分析结果表明,鲜水河断裂带不同段落和跨距宽度的走滑速率有所不同:测点间距18.7~65.1 m的蠕滑速率为0.01~0.78 mm/a;测点间距72~288 m的短基线测量为0.02~2.46 mm/a,点距十几至几十公里的GPS观测为6~11 mm/a;地质滑动速率5~15 mm/a.随测点间距的增加,平行断层的位移速率按对数函数增长,视剪应变率按幂函数衰减.我们推测,大间距测点的数据中既包含了跨断层的错动,也包含了断层两侧块体的分布变形;现今的断层形变测量与地质调查之间的差异,说明断层错动速率在时间上不是常数.     

Microscopic Indicators of Stick-Slip and Creep-Slip in Deformation Products From the Daqingshan Piedmont Active Fault

Through the collection of oriented samples,consolidation of undisturbed samples,and systematic microscopy of thin sections,the deformation products from the Daqingshan piedmont active fault zone have been studied.The obtained results have been analyzed in combination with those of rock fracture experiments and macroscopic surveys.Based on the above,the present article summarizes the microscopic indicators of stick-slip and creep-slip,which reflect the characteristics of fault movement,and has given some suggestion on relevant problems.     

金沙江断裂带新活动和巴塘6.5级地震震中的确定

作者通过对区域地质调查资料的分析研究和实地考察,对金沙江断裂带的展布范围进行了划分,认为金沙江断裂带是川西规模巨大的断裂带,从地震活动、断裂地貌特征、水系扭曲、第四纪地层形变和温泉沿断裂分布等表明它是一个活动断裂带。通过对历史地震实地访问调查,获得了1923年巴塘6.5级地震的震害情况,并发现了这次地震在地表所产生的地裂缝,从而确定了这次地震的宏观震中位置,探讨了地震与断裂的关系。无疑对金沙江断裂带活动性的认识、地震预报和地震烈度区划工作具有现实意义。     

顺层蠕动边坡变形破坏机理及稳定性动态分析

本文以阜新海州露天矿边坡为例, 分析了边坡变形规律和破坏机制。在弱层流变试验的基础上, 建立了弱层流变力学模型, 通过确定加速蠕变阶段来临的极限应变量和应变速率, 建立了弱层长期强度的时间效应方程, 对于不同边坡工况进行了动态稳定性评价, 为采取抗滑措施控制蠕动边坡的变形破坏发展提供了科学依据。最后提出了一个边坡加速蠕变阶段来临的预测预报方法, 分析结果和实测资料较为一致。     

西藏满拉水利枢纽左岸塌滑体稳定性研究

西藏满拉水利枢纽坝址位于高海拔、高地震烈度区, 其左岸上、下游均分布有规模较大的坍滑体, 影响边坡稳定和水工建筑物的安全运行。为此对左岸坍滑体进行了专门的勘察和试验研究, 并且在坍滑体上布置变形监测网, 在施工期和水库蓄水期及运行初期对坍滑体的地面变形, 地裂缝张开度和深部分层水平位移进行了监测。今后对上、下游坍滑体继续进行变形监测, 以便对可能产生的塌滑及时作出预报, 保证满拉水利枢纽长期安全运行是很有必要的。     

连云港海相软土工程特性及处治方法探讨

根据连云港地区历年来多项工程的地质资料,并与我国部分沿海地区软土进行对比,系统分析了连云港海相软土的基本物理力学性质指标统计特征,特别是抗剪强度特性、固结变形特性和蠕变特性,并总结了该地区海相软土主要物理力学性质指标之间的相关关系,最后介绍了适合于海相软土的地基处理措施。