Re–Os and U–Pb Geochronology of the Dawan Mo–Zn–Fe Deposit in Northern Taihang Mountains,China

The Dawan Mo–Zn–Fe deposit located in the Northern Taihang Mountains in the middle of the North China Craton (NCC) contains large Mo‐dominant deposits. The mineralization of the Dawan Mo–Zn–Fe deposit is associated with the Mesozoic Wanganzhen granitoid complex and is mainly hosted within Archean metamorphic rocks and Proterozoic–Paleozoic dolomites. Rhyolite porphyry and quartz monzonite both occur in the ore field and potassic alteration, strong silicic–phyllic alteration, and propylitic alteration occur from the center of the rhyolite porphyry outward. The Mo mineralization is spacially related to silicic and potassic alteration. The Fe orebody is mainly found in serpentinized skarn in the external contact zone between the quartz monzonite and dolomite. Six samples of molybdenite were collected for Re–Os dating. Results show that the Re–Os model ages range from 136.2 Ma to 138.1 Ma with an isochron age of 138 ± 2 Ma (MSWD = 1.2). U–Pb zircon ages determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry yield crystallization ages of 141.2 ± 0.7 (MSWD = 0.38) and 130.7 ± 0.6 Ma (MSWD = 0.73) for the rhyolite porphyry and quartz monzonite, respectively. The ore‐bearing rhyolite porphyry shows higher K₂O/Na₂O ratios, ranging from 58.0 to 68.7 (wt%), than those of quartz monzonite. All of the rock samples are classified in the shoshonitic series and characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements; depletion in Mg, Fe, Ta, Ni, P, and Y; enrichment in light rare earth elements with high (La/Yb)_n ratios. Geochronology results indicate that skarn‐type Fe mineralization associated with quartz monzonite (130.7 ± 0.6 Ma) formed eight million years later than Mo and Zn mineralization (138 ± 2 Ma) in the Dawan deposit. From Re concentrations in molybdenite and previously presented Pb and S isotope data, we conclude that the ore‐forming material of the deposit was derived from a crust‐mantle mixed source. The porphyry‐skarn type Cu–Mo–Zn mineralization around the Wanganzhen complex is related to the primary magmatic activity, and the skarn‐type Fe mineralization is formed at the late period magmatism. The Dawan Mo–Zn–Fe porphyry‐skarn ores are related to the magmatism that was associated with lithospheric thinning in the NCC.     

A silurian porphyry copper prospect near Yeoval,New South Wales

The Yeoval porphyry copper prospect lies in a complex of dioritic rocks which form part of the eastern margin of the Yeoval Batholith in central‐western New South Wales. Rocks of the batholith are mainly granite and adamellite whose age is about 370 m.y. The diorite complex, (411 m.y.) is composed of rocks ranging from granodiorite to gabbro and pyroxenite.

Hydrothermal alteration of granodiorite in the Yeoval Mine area, 3.5 km north of Yeoval, is associated with disseminated and stockwork‐veinlet copper‐sulphide‐bearing zones. Alteration assemblages are similar to those described from some disseminated or porphyry copper/molybdenum deposits of southwestern USA.

The ubiquity of potassic zones in veinlet alteration envelopes and the poor development of sericitic and argillic zones suggest that the Yeoval prospect formed at or below the level of the Ajo deposit, Arizona, and the Los Loros deposit, Chile, which formed some 5 km below surface near the base of the ‘porphyry system’.

High Rb and Ba contents in the Yeoval diorites and their associated andesitic volcanics, and the presence of garnet‐bearing rhyodacite of similar age, imply that the Yeoval area was part of an Andean type of continental margin in the middle Palaeozoic.     

华北克拉通及邻区晚中生代伸展构造及其动力学背景的讨论

欧亚大陆东部晚中生代伸展构造十分显著,表现为大量发育的变质核杂岩、同构造岩浆岩、韧性拆离断层带等伸展成因的穹隆和地堑-半地堑盆地.通过对这些伸展构造进行系统分析、归纳和总结,将欧亚大陆东部晚中生代伸展构造发育区划分为:泛贝加尔-鄂霍次克带、华北西部带、华北东部带、华北南缘及秦岭-大别带和华南内陆带.这些伸展构造记录了大区域上的NW-SE方向伸展,构成了全球最大的陆壳伸展地区.这些伸展构造使地壳深部的岩石沿拆离断层折返至地表,从而使中下地壳结构发生了强烈的改造.除华北东部带给出了一个较为宽泛的伸展时段外,各个研究区所涉及的伸展穹隆及其相关的拆离断层所表现的伸展峰期时间均十分相近:位于130 ～ 126Ma之间.岩石圈根部的拆沉可能是这个巨型伸展构造带形成的动力学机制.这个模型为探讨华北克拉通破坏和减薄的时限、机制、模式及深部动力学背景提供直接的构造证据.     

河北都山杂岩体地球化学特征及其地质意义

都山杂岩体由不同岩性的花岗类岩石组成,主要包括细粒石英二长岩,中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩(中心相)和粗中粒黑云母正长花岗岩。前人的年龄数据表明该杂岩体中不同岩性的岩体是近乎同时就位的。本文通过野外观察岩体接触关系,结合室内研究,认为该杂岩体具有同源岩浆演化的特点,具有高SiO2(平均值为69.90%),高Al2O3(平均值为14.82%),MgO小于3%(平均值为1.09%),高S(r平均值为917.18μg/g)低Y(平均值为5.44μg/g),低Yb(平均值为0.50μg/g),(La/Yb)N1(平均值为50.95),以及Nb/Ta比值负异常等特点,在埃达克岩Sr/Y-Y和Sr/Yb-Yb判别图中显示为埃达克质岩石。岩石中出现的强烈的Nb-Ta解耦现象很可能是继承源区组分的特点,推测其源区主要成分为华北克拉通内广泛发育的TTG岩套(英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩),源区中也存在少量变质玄武岩和变沉积岩。通过对都山杂岩体的地球化学分析,认为强烈的Nb/Ta负异常,高(La/Yb)N,高Sr以及无明显的负Eu异常说明残留矿物组合应该为角闪石+石榴石±少量斜长石,残留相为角闪榴辉岩相,残留矿物中无金红石,推测其形成时的地壳厚度为50~70 km。按照地壳均衡原理,其反映出的古山脉高度为3000~5000 m。结合区内部分其他岩体的资料,认为西伯利亚板块与中朝古板块碰撞造山作用在中—晚三叠世时期仍在持续,此时的华北克拉通北东缘出现了高耸的山脉。     

山西黄榆沟岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

为深化对华北克拉通破坏机制的认识,选取山西黄榆沟岩体中较新鲜的石英二长斑岩开展年代学和地球化学研究。研究结果表明,黄榆沟岩体由石英二长斑岩组成,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为(149.3±0.9)Ma,是晚侏罗世岩浆活动的产物。石英二长斑岩富碱,为钙碱性钾玄岩系列,属于准铝质花岗岩类。相对富集K、Sr、Eu等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ce、Zr、Ti等高场强元素;轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,Eu具弱正异常,为I型花岗岩成因。具高Al₂O₃、Sr、Ba、高Sr/Y比值和低Yb、MgO等特征,具埃达克岩性质。岩石地球化学特征表明,黄榆沟岩体总体为下地壳物质的部分熔融成因,并有幔源物质成分的加入和遭受岩浆混合作用,推测其形成于碰撞造山后的伸展构造环境。     

Geophysical constraints of shear zones and geometry of the Hiltaba Suite granites in the western Gawler Craton,Australia

The emplacement of the ca 1590–1575 Ma Hiltaba Suite granites records a large magmatic event throughout the Gawler Craton, South Australia. The Hiltaba Suite granites intrude the highly deformed Archaean‐Palaeoproterozoic rocks throughout the craton nuclei. Geophysical interpretation of the poorly exposed central western Gawler Craton suggests that the region can be divided into several distinct domains that are bounded by major shear zones, exhibiting a sequence of overprinting relationships. The north‐trending Yarlbrinda Shear Zone merges into the east‐trending Yerda Shear Zone that, in turn, merges into the northeast‐trending Coorabie Shear Zone. Several poorly exposed Hiltaba Suite granite plutons occur within a wide zone of crustal shearing that is bounded to the north by the Yerda Shear Zone and to the south by the Oolabinnia Shear Zone. This wide zone of crustal shearing is interpreted as a major zone of synmagmatic dextral strike‐slip movement that facilitated the ascent of Hiltaba Suite granite intrusions to the upper crust. The aeromagnetic and gravity data reveal that the intrusions are ～15–25 km in diameter. Forward modelling of the geophysical data shows that the intrusions have a tabular geometry and are less than 6 km deep.     

An integrated multi-scale 3D seismic model of the Archaean Yilgarn Craton, Australia

The collection of a range of different seismic data types has greatly improved our understanding of the crustal architecture of Australia's Archaean Yilgarn Craton over the last few years. These seismic data include broadband seismic studies, seismic receiver functions, wide-angle recordings and mine-scale to deep seismic reflection transects. Each data set provides information on the three-dimensional (3D) tectonic model of the Yilgarn Craton from the craton scale through to the mine scale. This paper demonstrates that the integration and rationalisation of these different seismic data sets into a multi-scale 3D geological/seismic model, that can be visualised at once in a single software package, and incorporating all available data sets, significantly enhances this understanding. This enhanced understanding occurred because the integrated 3D model allowed easy and accurate comparison of one result against another, and facilitated the integrated questioning and interrogation across scales and seismic method. As a result, there are feedback questions regarding understanding of the individual seismic data sets themselves, as well as the Yilgarn Craton as a whole.The methodology used, including all the data sets in the model range, had to allow for the wide range of data sets, frequencies and seismic modes. At the craton scale, P-wave, S-wave and surface wave variations constrained the 3D lithospheric velocity model, revealing noticeable large-scale velocity variations within and across the craton. An interesting feature of the data, easily identified in 3D, is the presence of a fast S-wave velocity anomaly (> 4.8 km s^− 1) within the upper mantle. This velocity anomaly dips east and has a series of step-down offsets that coincide approximately with province and terrane boundaries of the Yilgarn Craton.One-dimensional receiver function profiles show variations in their crustal velocity across the craton. These crustal velocity variations are consistent with the larger-scale geological subdivision of the craton, and provide characteristic profiles for provinces and terranes. The receiver function results and the deep seismic reflection data both agree on the depth to the Moho, and both indicate an increase in Moho depth to the east. The 2D seismic refraction results in the south-west of the craton provide crustal thickness information, an indication of middle and lower crustal compositions, and information regarding the broad-scale architectural framework.At the province- and terrane-scale, the deep seismic reflection data and the mine-scale seismic data provide geometric constraints on crustal architecture, in particular the orientation of the region's fault systems as well as variations in the thickness of the granite–greenstone succession. Integration of the results from wide-angle seismic refraction data coincident with the deep seismic reflection data provided additional constraints on likely upper crustal lithologies.The integrated 3D seismic model implies the dominant geodynamic process involved the development of an orogenic belt that developed with a series of contractional (folding and thrusting) events, separated by equally important extensional events. The seismic reflection data in particular suggests that extensional movement on many shear zones was more common than previously thought.The seismic reflection data suggest that the dominant mineral systems involved deeply sourced fluid flowing up crustal-penetrating shear zones. These deeply sourced fluids were further focussed into sites located above fault-breached domal regions in the upper crust.     

Late Paleozoic retrograded eclogites from within the northern margin of the North China Craton: Evidence for subduction of the Paleo-Asian ocean

Retrograded eclogites from the central part of the northern margin of the North China Craton, Hebei Province, China occur as separate tectonic lenses or boundins within garnet–biotite–plagioclase gneisses of the Paleoproterozoic Hongqiyingzi Complex characterized by amphibolite facies paragneisses. The petrographic features and mineralogical compositions represent three main metamorphic stages: (1) the peak eclogite facies stage (P > 1.40–1.50 GPa, T = 680–730 °C), (2) the granulite facies stage and (3) the amphibolite facies stage (P = 0.67–0.81 GPa, T = 530–610 °C) formed during decompression. The major and trace element and Sm–Nd isotopic data suggest that most of the retrograded eclogite samples had protoliths of tholeiitic oceanic crust with geochemical characteristics of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) or island arc tholeiite (IAT) environment, and were contaminated by crustal components during subsequent subduction. Zircon SHRIMP isotopic dating of two different textural varieties of retrograded eclogite defines a weighted mean age of 325 Ma, which is interpreted as the peak metamorphic age of the eclogites and reflects the occurrence of eclogite facies metamorphism related to subduction of Paleo-Asian Oceanic crust beneath the North China Craton during the Late Paleozoic. Finally, we show that the retrograded eclogite from Hebei Province is not related to the Baimashi retrograded eclogite at the northern foot of the Heng Mountains, approximately, 300 km to the southwest.     

辽冀地区条带状铁建造地球化学特征：Ⅱ.稀土元素特征

辽冀地区(鞍山-本溪地区和冀东地区)位于华北克拉通北东部,是我国早前寒武纪条带状铁建造(BIFs)最重要的分布区,主要为新太古代Algoma型。本文系统对比了辽冀地区28个铁矿床200件铁矿石样品的稀土元素特征。结果表明:(1)所有样品的稀土元素特征比较相似:稀土元素总量较低,Y/Ho比值较高;经太古宙后平均澳大利亚页岩(PAAS)标准化后呈现重稀土相对富集、轻稀土相对亏损的配分模式,La异常不明显,强烈的Eu正异常和明显的Y正异常,暗示研究区铁矿石成矿物质主要来源于海底高温热液和海水的混合溶液;与冀东地区BIFs相比,鞍本地区Eu异常更为明显,说明鞍本地区BIFs显示更多的热液特征;(2)铁矿石的Ce/Ce*变化范围为0.77~1.09,缺乏明显的Ce负异常,说明其沉积于还原的海水环境;(3)辽冀地区BIFs的稀土元素总量、Eu异常、Y异常和Y/Ho比值变化范围均比较大,可能与BIFs沉积过程中碎屑物质的加入有关;与鞍本地区相比,冀东地区BIFs的Eu正异常、Y正异常程度均小于鞍本地区,热液和海水特征均不明显,Y/Ho比值更接近球粒陨石(26~28),可能暗示冀东地区有更多的碎屑物质的加入。     

内蒙卓资-凉城地区古元古代变质过铝/强过铝花岗岩的形成温度:区域高温/超高温变质作用证据

内蒙古卓资-凉城地区孔兹岩系出露大量古元古代过铝/强过铝花岗岩。野外地质和岩石地球化学特征均显示它们存在两种类型。一类来自孔兹岩部分熔融,与孔兹岩呈渐变过渡关系并以含有粗大的石榴石、石英和堇青石斑晶为特征,出露广泛(A类);另一类花岗岩为花岗侵入岩体,矿物粒度相对细小,无矿物斑晶,其起源尚待进一步查证(B类)。电子探针(EPMA)分析石英单颗粒Ti含量并运用钛温度计进行计算,结果显示两类花岗岩石英Ti温度存在较明显差异:A类中石英钛温度多集中在680℃～800℃和>800℃间,而B类花岗岩多集中在650℃～750℃间,前者较后者普遍存在高的Ti温度值;两类花岗岩的锆饱和温度也存在差异,两者分别集中在820℃～890℃和700℃～780℃间。结果表明,来自孔兹岩部分熔融的A类花岗质岩石形成温度应高于900℃,B类花岗岩侵入体的石英和锆饱和温度均反映出正常花岗质侵入体结晶温度范围。由于A类花岗岩广泛分布在卓资-凉城地区,因此我们认为本区发生的超高温变质作用属于区域高温/超高温变质作用的结果。