IPCC AR4多模式对中国地区未来40 a雪水当量的预估

通过评估参加CMIP3计划的22 个GCM在20 世纪气候情景(20C3M)下中国地区雪水当量模拟能力的检验, 挑选出模拟能力较好的模式, 通过多模式集合方法, 对SEARS的模拟结果进行集合, 预估未来40 a雪水当量在中国地区的时空变化特征.结果表明: 在A1B情景下和B1情景下, 中国地区未来40 a雪水当量年际变化均呈减少趋势; 在A1B和B1情景下, 青藏高原地区、 华北平原地区、 长江中游地区及东北北部地区的雪水当量均呈减少趋势, 其中在昆仑山西段帕米尔高原地区减少最为显著, 其次为喜马拉雅山区和巴颜喀拉山东段地区.在中国北部的内蒙古高原地区、 云贵高原等部分地区的雪水当量则有所增加.总体上, A1B情景下比B1情景下雪水当量的减少更为明显. 2021-2050年雪水当量在青藏高原减少显著; 对于季节变化来说, 在秋冬季积雪的累积期, 雪水当量可能增加, 尤其在10-12月, 而在积雪消融的春夏季(2-6月)有所减少.     

Coupled ESR and U-series dating of early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus faunas at Mohui and Sanhe Caves,Guangxi, southern China

Several caves of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, southern China, have delivered Gigantopithecus blacki remains, an extinct Pleistocene giant ape, in association with abundant mammalian faunas. To determine their geological ages, fossil teeth from Mohui and Sanhe Caves were dated using the coupled ESR/U-series method. The teeth from Mohui Cave gave age estimates of 1.69 ± 0.22 Ma and 1.29 ± 0.11 Ma. The Sanhe Cave samples had age estimates ranging from 910 ± 200 ka to 600 ± 150 ka with error weighted mean ages of 890 ± 130 ka and 720 ± 90 ka for the layers 5 and 4, respectively. Our results and previous paleomagnestism data place the Gigantopithecus fauna at Mohui Cave between Olduvai and Jaramillo subchrons and suggest that it was coeval with Chuifeng, Longgupo and Liucheng assemblages. The Sanhe fauna is younger, of late early Pleistocene age, and can be dated to the period between Jaramillo subchron and B/M boundary.     

封闭压力酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定电气石中29种元素

电气石是一种含硼的铝硅酸盐矿物,是重要的非金属矿产资源和成岩成矿作用的灵敏示踪剂,因类质同象置换普遍使其组成成分多变,主量元素为Si、B、Al、Fe和Mg,微量元素有稀土元素、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sn、Ag和Sr等。电气石的化学性质非常稳定,不能被一般的酸或碱完全溶解,本文采用硝酸-氢氟酸封闭压力溶矿,50%王水封闭压力复溶进行样品前处理,建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定电气石中稀有轻金属、重金属、放射性金属、稀土元素等29种元素的分析方法。方法检出限为0.003~0.4μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=12)为0.9%~9.2%;国家标准物质的测定值与标准值基本相符,各元素的加标回收率为95%~105%。本方法解决了电气石样品难分解、复溶时易出现氢氧化铝微细残渣的问题,样品试液中B、Al、Fe等主要共存离子的干扰小,各待测元素测定结果准确、可靠。     

湿法消解预处理地电化学泡塑样品有效性研究

灰化法和微波消解法作为地电化学泡塑样品的预处理方法适用于多数元素,但二者都存在局限性,如灰化法的高温加热过程会造成As、Hg等元素的损失影响测定结果,微波消解法则因用样量小(0.1 g),存在样品代表性和检出限方面的问题。湿法消解是一种传统的样品预处理方法,具有消解完全、元素损失量低、样品代表性好等优点,可以有效解决以上两种方法的不足。但因为加入高氯酸消解泡塑(有机物)样品过程中易爆炸和酸空白等问题,一直没有在泡塑样品的预处理中得到推广。本文选取内蒙古洛恪顿热液型铅锌多金属矿床一条地电化学勘查剖面,用20 m L硝酸+5 m L高氯酸和5 m L王水对泡塑样品(约0.5 g)进行预处理,氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法和高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定元素含量。结果表明:大多数元素的空白含量都比较低,地球化学剖面图上有良好的异常显示;湿法消解处理泡塑样品是可行的,分析泡塑样品主要使用这种预处理方法。     

The impact of subsurface conceptualization on land energy fluxes

There is a significant body of work demonstrating the importance of hydrologic control on land energy feedbacks. Yet, quantitative data on aquifer conductivity can be difficult to assemble. Furthermore, how subsurface uncertainty propagates into land-surface processes is not well understood. This study analyzes the impact of aquifer characterization on land energy fluxes, using a coupled hydrology–land-surface model. Four gridded subsurface conductivity fields are developed for the Upper Klamath basin using two data sources and different levels of imposed heterogeneity. Each model is forced with the same transient, observed meteorology for 3 years prior to the final year presented here. Results are analyzed to quantify the impact of subsurface heterogeneity on groundwater surface water interactions and spatial patterns in hydrologic variables. Analysis shows that heterogeneity does not fundamentally alter the connection between groundwater and land surface processes. However, differences between scenarios impact the extent and location of the critical zone.     

CMIP6与CMIP5对历史大气层顶和地表辐射收支模拟的时空对比

基于云和地球辐射能量系统观测数据集（CERES),对比分析了耦合模式比较计划第五（CMIP5）和第六阶段（CMIP6）模拟的历史大气层顶和地表辐射收支的年际变化和空间分布,明确了多模式间不确定性大的关键区域。结果表明：在年际尺度上,除地表向上长波辐射外,CMIP6的辐射分量的集合均值较CMIP5更接近于CERES观测值,全球地表向下短波辐射的高估和大气逆辐射的低估在CMIP6中分别降低了1.9 W/m²和3.3 W/m²。除大气逆辐射外,CMIP6的辐射分量在多模式间的一致性较CMIP5提高。在北极,CMIP6对大气层顶反射短波、大气层顶出射长波和地表向下短波辐射的模拟偏差较CMIP5大。在南北纬60°,CMIP6对大气逆辐射的模拟偏差较CMIP5大。其他区域CMIP6的辐射分量更接近CERES观测值。CMIP6模拟的地表向下短波辐射和大气逆辐射的不确定性较大区域面积较CMIP5减小,但不确定性极大区域面积无变化。地表净辐射的不确定性空间分布在两代CMIP间变化甚小。青藏高原、赤道太平洋、热带雨林、阿拉伯半岛和南极洲沿海依然是地球系统模式模拟辐射收支不确定性极大的关键区域。     

Interannual variability of the sea surface salinity and its related freshwater flux in the tropical Pacific: A comparison of CMIP5 and CMIP6

This paper assesses the interannual variabilities of simulated sea surface salinity (SSS) and freshwater flux (FWF) in the tropical Pacific from phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6). The authors focus on comparing the simulated SSS and FWF responses to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from two generations of models developed by the same group. The results show that CMIP5 and CMIP6 models can perform well in simulating the spatial distributions of the SSS and FWF responses associated with ENSO, as well as their relationship. It is found that most CMIP6 models have improved in simulating the geographical distribution of the SSS and FWF interannual variability in the tropical Pacific compared to CMIP5 models. In particular, CMIP6 models have corrected the underestimation of the spatial relationship of the FWF and SSS variability with ENSO in the central-western Pacific. In addition, CMIP6 models outperform CMIP5 models in simulating the FWF interannual variability (spatial distribution and intensity) in the tropical Pacific. However, as a whole, CMIP6 models do not show improved skill scores for SSS interannual variability, which is due to their overestimation of the intensity in some models. Large uncertainties exist in simulating the interannual variability of SSS among CMIP5 and CMIP6 models and some improvements with respect to physical processes are needed.摘要通过比较CMIP5和CMIP6来自同一个单位两代模式模拟, 表明CMIP5和CMIP6均能较好地模拟出热带太平洋的海表盐度 (SSS) 和淡水通量 (FWF) 对ENSO响应的分布及其响应间的关系. 与CMIP5模式相比, 大部份CMIP6模式模拟的SSS和FWF年际变化分布均呈现改进, 特别是纠正了较低的中西太平洋SSS和FWF变化的空间关系. 但是, 整体上, CMIP6模式模拟的SSS年际变化技巧没有提高, 与SSS年际变率的强度被高估有关. CMIP5和CMIP6模式模拟SSS的年际变化还存在较大的不确定性, 在物理方面需要改进.     

四种前处理方法对电感耦合等离子体质谱测定植物样品中27种微量元素的影响

采用HNO₃-HClO₄-HF常压消解、HNO₃-H₂O₂-HF高压密闭消解、HNO₃-H₂O₂微波消解,干法灰化后残渣用HNO₃-HF-HClO₄溶解等四种方法对植物样品进行前处理,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对植物样品中的27种元素进行定量分析,探讨了不同前处理方法对ICP-MS测定植物样品中微量元素的影响。分析结果表明: HNO₃-HClO₄-HF常压消解使用大量试剂,污染环境,造成空白值高;在常压体系中HClO₄的加入能提高样品的消解效率,但赶酸不完全,会造成复合离子对钒和砷的干扰;干法灰化过程中某些元素(硼、汞等)会损失;常压消解和高压密闭消解中加入HF能有效地提高铍、稀土、钇、钛、锑、铀等元素的回收率,但在蒸干赶HF的过程中,会造成硼和汞的损失,并且钢套的生锈会造成铬、镍空白值高。尽管没有一种方法能适用于所有元素的分析,但相比较而言,HNO₃-H₂O₂微波消解体系操作简单,大部分元素(除铍、钛、锑、铋、稀土)能得到满意的结果,精密度(RSD)均小于10%(n=10),相对误差(RE)为-4.6%~13.6%。     

二次熔矿方式电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定棕刚玉中硅铁钛钙镁锆

根据棕刚玉难熔的特点,采用二次熔矿方式对样品进行分解,经盐酸酸化的浸提液用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定硅、铁、钛、钙、镁、锆的含量。第一次加入硼酸-碳酸钠(质量比2∶1)熔矿,熔剂中大量硼酸的存在可以确保棕刚玉样品无需研磨而分解完全;但所得熔融物极难提取,通过提高熔剂中碳酸钠的比例后进行第二次熔矿,使熔融物酸化浸取变得快速简单。对硼酸-碳酸钠混合溶剂的比例、熔矿温度和时间、称样量和样品粒度等实验条件进行优化,分析结果表明方法检出限为0.0003%～0.0051%,精密度(RSD,n=11)为0.88%～4.78%。用标准物质验证,测定值与标准值相符;与国标法对比验证,测定结果相符。该方法样品分解充分,对样品的粒度适应范围宽,可满足生产控制快速检测的要求。