调制模式和调制比在地震预报中的意义

本文系统而简略地介绍了调制模式和调制比在地震预报中的应用。它是把外因、震源区在临震前的不稳定性以及前兆显示有机地结合起来预报地震的。该预报思想和方法可操作性强，易于普及，并有一定的抗混沌效果。     

Low‐frequency modulation and trend of the relationship between ENSO and precipitation along the northern to centre Peruvian Pacific coast

The relationship between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and precipitation along the Peruvian Pacific coast is investigated over 1964–2011 on the basis of a variety of indices accounting for the different types of El Niño events and atmospheric and oceanographic manifestations of the interannual variability in the tropical Pacific. We show the existence of fluctuations in the ENSO/precipitation relationship at decadal timescales that are associated with the ENSO property changes over the recent decades. Several indices are considered in order to discriminate the influence of the two types of El Niño, namely, the eastern Pacific El Niño and the central Pacific El Niño, as well as the influence of large‐scale atmospheric variability associated to the Madden and Julian Oscillation, and of regional oceanic conditions. Three main periods are identified that correspond to the interleave periods between the main climatic transitions over 1964–2011, i.e. the shifts of the 1970s and the 2000s, over which ENSO experiences significant changes in its characteristics. We show that the relationship between ENSO and precipitation along the western coast of Peru has experienced significant decadal change. Whereas El Niño events before 2000 lead to increased precipitation, in the 2000s, ENSO is associated to drier conditions. This is due to the change in the main ENSO pattern after 2000 that is associated to cooler oceanic conditions off Peru during warm events (i.e. central Pacific El Niño). Our analysis also indicates that the two extreme El Niño events of 1982/1983 and 1997/1998 have overshadowed actual trends in the relationship between interannual variability in the tropical Pacific and precipitation along the coast of Peru. Overall, our study stresses on the complexity of the hydrological cycle on the western side of the Andes with regard to its relationship with the interannual to decadal variability in the tropical Pacific. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

时空混合调制型偏振干涉成像光谱仪数据处理研究

研究了基于Savart偏光镜的偏振干涉成像光谱仪在时空混合调制模式下图像形成、数据分布的特点,论证了视场补偿型偏振干涉成像光谱仪更适用于单色光条件下的时空混合调制工作模式,并提出了时空混合调制模式下数据采集与处理的基本原理及其需要注意的问题与解决方法.最后,应用这种方法对实验获取的干涉图进行了数据处理,并成功复原出了光谱.     

Modulation of El Nino-Southern Oscillation by Freshwater Flux and Salinity Variability in the Tropical Pacific

The El Nin o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is modulated by many factors; most previous studies have emphasized the roles of wind stress and heat flux in the tropical Pacific. Freshwater flux (FWF) is another environmental forcing to the ocean; its effect and the related ocean salinity variability in the ENSO region have been of increased interest recently. Currently, accurate quantifications of the FWF roles in the climate remain challenging; the related observations and coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling involve large elements of uncertainty. In this study, we utilized satellite-based data to represent FWF-induced feedback in the tropical Pacific climate system; we then incorporated these data into a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model (HCM) to quantify its effects on ENSO. A new mechanism was revealed by which interannual FWF forcing modulates ENSO in a significant way. As a direct forcing, FWF exerts a significant influence on the ocean through sea surface salinity (SSS) and buoyancy flux (Q B ) in the western-central tropical Pacific. The SSS perturbations directly induced by ENSO-related interannual FWF variability affect the stability and mixing in the upper ocean. At the same time, the ENSO-induced FWF has a compensating effect on heat flux, acting to reduce interannual Q B variability during ENSO cycles. These FWF-induced processes in the ocean tend to modulate the vertical mixing and entrainment in the upper ocean, enhancing cooling during La Nin a and enhancing warming during El Nin o, respectively. The interannual FWF forcing-induced positive feedback acts to enhance ENSO amplitude and lengthen its time scales in the tropical Pacific coupled climate system.     

地震调制比及其在华北地震中短期预报中的应用

对调制比预报地震方法进行了改进，并使用改进的地震调制比rm10对华北地区进行空间扫描，结果表明中强地震前1年左右的中短期阶段，未来震中周围的rm10中期异常区出现明显的收缩或消失，一些震例在临震前数月还再次出现rm10异常区。本方法具有较好的中短期预报效果，中还就rm10进行中短期预报的有关问题进行了讨论。     

Microbial modulation in the biomass and toxin production of a red-tide causing alga

The effect of S₁₀, a strain of marine bacteria isolated from sediment in the Western Xiamen Sea, on the growth and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) production in the alga Alexandrium tamarense (A. tamarense) was studied under controlled experimental conditions. The results of these experiments have shown that the growth of A. tamarense is obviously inhibited by S₁₀ at high concentrations, however no evident effect on its growth was observed at low concentrations. Its PSP production was also inhibited by S₁₀ at different concentrations, especially at low concentrations. The toxicity of this strain of A. tamarense is about (0.95–12.14) × 10⁻⁶ MU/cell, a peak toxicity value of 12.14 × 10⁻⁶ MU/cell appeared on the 14th day, after which levels decreased gradually. The alga grew well in conditions of pH 6–8 and salinities of 20–34‰. The toxicity of the alga varied markedly at different pH and salinity levels. Toxicity decreased as pH increased, while it increased with salinity and reached a peak value at a salinity of 30‰, after which it declined gradually. S₁₀ at a concentration of 1.02 × 10⁹ cells/ml inhibited growth and the PSP production of A. tamarense at different pH and salinity levels. S₁₀ had the strongest inhibitory function on the growth of A. tamarense under conditions of pH 7 and a salinity of 34‰. The best inhibitory effect on PSP production by A. tamarense was at pH 7, this inhibitory effect on PSP production did not relate to salinity. Interactions between marine bacteria and A. tamarense were also investigated using the flow cytometer technique (FCM) as well as direct microscope counting. S₁₀ was identified as being a member of the genus Bacillus, the difference in 16S rDNA between S₁₀ and Bacillus halmapalus was only 2%. The mechanism involved in the inhibition of growth and PSP production of A. tamarense by this strain of marine bacteria, and the prospect of using it and other marine bacteria in the bio-control of red-tides was discussed.     

A study of solar modulation of medium energy primary cosmic ray nuclei

The energy spectra of primary cosmic rays were studied in the energy interval 150 to 450 MeV/nucl by using balloon-borne cellulose-nitrate solid-state plastic detector. Effects of solar modulation were studied using the theoretical spectrum ofH ₁ nuclei near the solar minimum in 1964 as the demodulated spectrum. The ‘force-field’ potential which fit the experimental results was estimated to be 270 MeV/nucl.     

具一维无公度调制的安康矿的晶体结构测定

安康矿是在陕西省安康石梯重晶石矿床中发现的一种新矿物。分子式近于Ba_(1·2)(Ti_(5·3)V_(2.8))_(8.1)O_(16),沿C轴具一维无公度调制结构,调制波向量为q=1/2.30C。安康矿的平均结构与锰钡矿是等结构。空间群为14/m,a=10.139(4);b=2.961(2),Z=1。平均结构的强度数据收集是在cAD-4衍射仪上进行的。R=0.039(535个独立的衍射点)。安康矿的超晶胞是将其亚晶胞加大14倍而获得的,空间群P4/m,a=10.126(4),c=41.41(2),Z=14。用RIGAKU的RASA-ⅡS型衍射仪收集了8696个独立的衍射点,其中包括主衍射点及卫星衍射点。对于2353个可观察点经结构修正后R因子为0.2157。在四方柱孔道中测得了Ba原子的占位及位移。测定表明安康矿属占位调制及位移调制的复合型无公度调制,而且沿c轴方向为方波调制。     

水平引潮力极值天体时角表征与调制的讨论

讨论了引潮力与中、强地震发生的可能关系。进行了水平引潮力极值条件分析,研究了满足水平引潮力极值条件下的天体时角表征的地震活动可能存在的应力调制。其技术途径是在一定的时窗内,通过地震目录资料的天体时角计算,求出满足水平引潮力极值条件时所出现的调制地震活动场的时空特征,继而研究这些时空特征与未来中强地震三要素的关联,以期获取地震预测信息。     

Detector time offset and off-line calibration in EAS experiments

In extensive air shower (EAS) experiments, the primary direction is reconstructed by the space–time pattern of secondary particles. Thus the equalization of the transit time of signals coming from different parts of the detector is crucial in order to get the best angular resolution and pointing accuracy allowed by the detector. In this paper an off-line calibration method is proposed and studied by means of proper simulations. It allows to calibrate the array repeatedly just using the collected data without disturbing the standard acquisition. The calibration method is based on the definition of a Characteristic Plane introduced to analyze the effects of the time systematic offsets, such as the quasi-sinusoidal modulation on azimuth angle distribution. This calibration procedure works also when a pre-modulation on the primary azimuthal distribution is present.