The remote sensing observation in experiments of rock failure and the beginning of remote sensing rock mechanics

The remote sensing observational study for infrared radiation of rocks was proceeded during the loading on rocks until failure. The major instruments used in experiments were transient spectrum apparatus, intelligent spectrum apparatus, infrared radiation thermometer, infrared spectrum radiometer, and infrared thermal imaging system. The experiments for 26 kinds of rocks were made. The studies show that infrared radiation temperature of rocks increases along with increasing of stress. The amplitude of infrared radiation spectrum of rocks also increases along with increasing of stress. The observational results of infrared thermal imaging of rocks are consistent with infrared radiation temperature. Before formation of major faults for some rocks, the belt-shape thermal imaging of temperature anomaly displaies in position of future major faults. This study has led the new technology of remote sensing into rock mechanics and tend to establish a new field in rock mechanics — remote sensing rock mechanics (or remote sensing rock physics). The application of remote sensing rock mechanics in prediction of earthquake and rock burst, and in measurement of stress field in rock mass is expected. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, Supp., 645–652, 1992. Jin-Shen HAO, Ji-Han LI, Xiao-Hong LIU, Yi-Qiao ZHI, Jin-Kai ZHANG, Yong-Hong Lü, Yi LIU, Yun-Shen YU, He ZHANG, Quan-Quan JI, Xiao-Fan ZHU and Ning CHEN took part in this work. This subject is supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (91006). Work of Institute of Geophysics, SSB (93A0009).     

第23周太阳活动峰年北京天文台太阳射电观测

An introduction to the instrumonts to be used for solar radio observations in Beijing in Solar Cycle 23 is made in this paper. They are 10cm solar radio telescope which has been used for a long time,and 1.0～2.0GHz,2.6～3.8GHz and 5.2～7.6GHz spectrometers. The former two spectrometers has passed a test,showing high guality,and the 5.2～7.6GHz one will be in operation from 1999. It is believed that highl gualified data should be obtained in the next solar cycle.     

洱源FD-105K与FD-125测氡仪对比观测分析

选取2015—2019年洱源水化站FD-105K与FD-125测氡仪对比观测资料,采用一阶差分、F检验、t检验等方法进行对比分析,结果显示:FD-125测氡仪测值总体偏低,且测量精度较低,数据离散程度较高;2套观测数据变化趋势一致性不理想,相关性较低,未通过F检验和t检验。综合分析认为,FD-125测氡仪暂时不能替代FD-105K测氡仪进行观测,需要增加震例对2套仪器的映震效能进行验证。     

Influence of forest fire episodes on the distribution of gaseous air pollutants over Uttarakhand,India

ABSTRACT

Widespread forest fire events occurred in the foothills of North Western Himalaya during 24 April to 2 May 2016 (Event-1) and 20–30 May 2018 (Event-2). Their impacts were investigated on the distribution of pollutant gases ozone (O₃), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) over Uttarakhand using simulations of Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) and in-situ observations of these gases over Dehradun, the capital of Uttarakhand. During Event-1, the observed CO mixing ratio over Dehradun increased from 25 April 2016 onwards, attained maximum (705.8 ± 258 ppbv) on 2 May 2016 and subsequently decreased. The rate of increase of daily baseline CO was 29 ppbv/day during HFAP (High Fire Activity Period). During Event-2, daily average concentrations of CO, O₃, and NOx showed systematic increase over Dehradun during HFAP period. The rate of increase of CO was 9 ppbv/day, while it was very small for NOx and O₃. To quantitatively estimate the influence of forest fire emissions, two WRF-Chem simulations were made: one with biomass burning (BB) emissions and other without BB emissions. These simulations showed 52% (34%) enhancement in CO, 52% (32%) enhancement in NOx, and 11% (9%) enhancement in O₃ during HFAP for Event-1 (Event-2). A clear positive correlation (r = 0.89 for Event-1, r = 0.69 for Event-2) was found between ?O₃ (O_{3with BB} minus O_{3without BB}) and ?CO (CO_{with BB} minus CO_{without BB}), indicating rapid production of ozone in the fire plumes. For both the events, the vertical distribution of ?O₃, ?CO, and ?NOx showed that forest fire emissions influenced the air quality upto 6.5 km altitude. Peaks in ?O₃, ?CO, and ?NOx during different days suggested the role of varying dispersion and horizontal mixing of fire plumes.     

VLBI观测双线极化条纹拟合方法

提出了一种可用于下一代VLBI观测系统(VGOS)的双线极化条纹拟合方法。现有的VLBI观测模式采用的是右圆极化(RCP),而VGOS系统采用的是双线极化。本文方法包括校正和组合条纹拟合两部分。校正部分选择一颗强源作为参考源,分别得到不同极化方式下的通道时延及相位校正数据,用于目标源的校正。组合条纹拟合部分将4种极化分量的可见度数据组合成伪Stokes分量,通过搜索差分星位角使伪Stokes分量的幅值达到最大,从而获得最终的时延观测量。与单极化条纹拟合相比,组合极化获得的条纹具有更高的信噪比(SNR)及更小的条纹相位弥散度。     

甘肃省春季沙尘暴强弱年份大气环流特征对比分析

文中使用NCEP/NCAR1955～2000年全球月平均再分析网格点资料(2.5°×2.5°纬度/经度)和甘肃省区域性沙尘暴过程资料,分别选取了甘肃省5个春季典型沙尘暴年份和5个春季非沙尘暴年份,对其气候平均的大尺度环流场和有关物理量场的动力和热力结构差异进行了对比分析。初步探讨了甘肃省春季沙尘暴发生与全球海温异常的关系。分析结果表明,甘肃省春季沙尘暴年和非沙尘暴年大尺度高低空环流场和有关物理量场差异明显,从而揭示了沙尘暴形成的大尺度环流以及动力和热力因子影响的事实,以期对我国西北地区沙尘暴气候成因有更全面深入的了解,为沙尘暴短期气候预测提供理论依据和强信号。     

中国强震动观测展望

强震动观测是震灾预防与地震应急的重要基础。本在系统总结强震动观测的国际现状与发展趋势的基础上,结合我国的防震减灾实际需要和经济实力,提出了我国未来十年强震动观测的发展规划。     

中强震前形变固体潮汐资料短期信息的提取

分析了各种潮汐观测资料处理方法,针对短期异常提取的要求,提出了适合提取短期异常信息的潮汐资料处理方法,对其计算公式进一步推导和展开。应用这些方法对华北地区和西南地区的重力、倾斜、应变等形变观测量进行了计算。对地震前潮汐因子、时间滞后、响应比等潮汐参数的异常信息进行了提取与分析;突出了震源区附近的短期异常信息,并分析总结其变化特征。     

基于非等间距泊松曲线在沉降预测中的应用

泊松曲线是一种精度较高的沉降预测方法，但是它只能在等时距数据条件下方能使用，在工程实际中很难满足这一要求。本文采用插值法将非等时距数据转化成等时距数列，并结合高层建筑沉降监测工程实例分析，结果表明，用泊松曲线模型预测建筑物沉降量与实际沉降量比较接近，具有较高的应用价值。     

暴雨云团的卫星监测和研究进展

该文对卫星监测、分析和研究暴雨云团的国内外若干研究结果和进展给予了简要综述。主要涉及卫星遥感监测和分析暴雨云团的适宜尺度, 中尺度对流复合体, 东亚梅雨锋暴雨云团的监测和分析, 卫星资料同化和数值模拟及问题与展望等方面的内容。