气候变暖对湖泊热力及溶解氧分层影响研究进展

气候变暖对湖泊物理、化学、生物和生态系统有着复杂而深刻的直接和间接影响,而具体影响随研究区域和水体表现不尽相同。气候变暖通过改变湖泊热力和溶解氧分层进而影响湖泊生物过程和生态系统结构与功能。从全球湖泊变暖趋势、长期缓慢气温上升、极端高温事件以及气候情景模拟等方面详细综述了气候变暖对湖泊热力及溶解氧分层影响的研究进展。研究表明,全球不同区域湖泊均存在不同程度的变暖趋势;长期缓慢气温上升和短期极端高温均会造成湖泊热力分层提前,分层结束推迟,分层时间延长,混合层和温跃层深度下降,以及热稳定性增加;相伴随的是溶解氧扩散深度和氧跃层深度明显下降,加剧了湖泊底部好氧和厌氧环境。除了这种直接影响外,气候变暖引起的流域降水、入湖物质的变化以及风速的变化也会对湖泊热力和溶解氧分层产生许多间接的影响,因此未来仍然需要更多的实验证据、经验和数值模型来验证和预测气候变暖对湖泊热力及溶解氧分层的影响。     

水平分层胶结充填体损伤本构模型及强度准则

以矿山分层充填为背景,针对水平分层充填体,提出了初始分层损伤、荷载损伤与总损伤的概念;利用损伤力学理论,考虑分层效应,建立了充填体损伤演化及本构模型;基于全微分方法构建了考虑分层效应的充填体强度准则。开展了不同分层充填体力学特性试验。研究结果表明：所建立的分层充填体损伤本构模型及强度准则理论曲线与试验曲线高度吻合,验证了模型的正确性;初始分层损伤随分层数增多,呈现 的二次多项式递增,分层效应与荷载耦合作用劣化了充填体总损伤;充填体总损伤率呈先增大后减小趋势。在峰值之前,分层数越多,则总损伤率越大;而峰值之后,分层数越多,则总损伤率越小,且总损伤率最大值随分层数增多而增大。     

强水动力湖泊夏季分层期氮的生物地球化学循环初步研究:以贵州红枫湖南湖为例

湖泊在夏季由于藻类生长而消耗大量硝酸盐,水体硝酸盐含量一般要低于春季。而红枫湖南湖水体硝酸盐含量却高于春季(比平均含量高0.83mg/L),说明尚有其他重要的硝酸盐来源。据估算,南湖水体硝酸盐含量升高0.83mg/L约需要1.66×105kg硝酸盐,另外有约10.1×105kg硝酸盐随下泻水输出南湖,再加上夏季藻类生长(生产的chla量约为640kg)所消耗的硝酸盐3.52×105kg,共消耗硝酸盐15.28×105kg。扣除河流输入的4.42×105kg硝酸盐,南湖尚存在约10.86×105kg硝酸盐的亏空。利用氮稳定同位素示踪技术,结合硝酸盐及叶绿素a(chla)含量、溶解氧(DO)等的变化,认为这部分硝酸盐来自湖泊中下部(斜温层)有机质的大量矿化(硝化),是水动力驱动高DO的上部水体下沉从而引起下部有机质(硝化)的结果。南湖这种强水动力湖泊整个夏季分层期氮的生物地球化学循环是斜温层有机质矿化(硝化)释放硝酸盐和变温层藻类生长同化硝酸盐为有机质同时发生的特殊类型。     

Thermal and compositional stratification of the inner core

The improvements of the knowledge of the seismic structure of the inner core and the complexities thereby revealed ask for a dynamical origin. Sub-solidus convection was one of the early suggestions to explain the seismic anisotropy, but it requires an unstable density gradient either from thermal or compositional origin, or from both. Temperature and composition profiles in the inner core are computed using a unidimensional model of core evolution including diffusion in the inner core and fractional crystallisation at the inner core boundary (ICB). The thermal conductivity of the core has been recently revised upwardly and, moreover, found to increase with depth. Values of the heat flow across the core mantle boundary (CMB) sufficient to maintain convection in the whole outer core are not sufficient to make the temperature in the inner core super-isentropic and therefore prone to thermal instability. An unreasonably high CMB heat flow is necessary to this end. The compositional stratification results from a competition of the increase of the concentration of light elements in the outer core with inner core growth, which makes the inner core concentration also increase, and of the decrease of the liquidus, which makes the partition coefficient decrease as well as the concentration of light elements in the solid. While the latter (destabilizing) effect dominates at small inner core sizes, the former takes over for a large inner core. The turnover point is encountered for an inner core about half its current size in the case of S, but much larger for the case of O. The combined thermal and compositional buoyancy is stabilizing and solid-state convection in the inner core appears unlikely, unless an early double-diffusive instability can set in.     

北京周口店雾迷山组碳酸盐岩风暴沉积序列研究*

北京周口店地区中元古界雾迷山组以含硅质条带的白云岩为主,发育不规则硅质砾屑。这些硅质砾屑形态各异,具有强烈扰动的迹象,目前对其成因解释一直存在争议,如泄水构造、冲刷构造、震积岩、风暴岩等。文中选择北京周口店地区黄山店村恒顺厂剖面为研究对象,通过野外精细的沉积学分析,系统描述了岩性及沉积构造特征,确定了该套沉积地层发育典型的碳酸盐岩风暴沉积序列。该风暴沉积序列自下往上可分为5段: A段,为风暴前正常沉积的中厚层状泥晶白云岩;B段,具口袋构造的侵蚀冲刷面及硅质砾屑,为风暴高潮期产物;C段,灰色硅质条带白云岩,普遍发育平行层理和波状、丘状、洼状交错层理,是风暴衰减期产物;D段,灰白色薄层状泥晶白云岩,代表了风暴间歇期的正常沉积;E段,含硅质团块白云岩,为正常天气下海水局部扰动形成。该剖面上递变层理几乎不发育,结合侵蚀冲刷面特征、砾屑高含量以及杂乱堆积方式,认为该套沉积为典型的近原地风暴沉积。结合古地理资料,推测研究区在雾迷山组沉积时期可能处于热带海洋环境,热带气旋引发的频繁风暴潮导致了近原地碳酸盐岩风暴沉积的形成。上述研究成果不仅补充了燕山地区雾迷山组的风暴沉积记录,而且为该时期华北板块的古地理、古纬度和古气候研究提供了重要的沉积学证据。     

磨刀门河口环流与咸淡水混合层化机制

为研究磨刀门盐水混合层化特征,基于SCHISM模型,建立了三维盐度数值模型,根据实测资料对其进行验证。结合水体势能异常理论,对枯季磨刀门河口混合层化的时空变化特征及深槽与浅滩的层化机制差异进行分析。结果表明:磨刀门河口小潮时水体层化最强,中潮时水体层化最弱,且拦门沙至挂定角段水体层化始终较强。磨刀门深槽水体层化主要受纵向平流、纵向水深平均应变和垂向混合影响,而浅滩水体层化则受横向平流、横向水深平均应变和垂向混合影响;磨刀门河口表、底层水体湍动能耗散率较高,而中间水层存在低耗散区,且涨潮时湍动能耗散率比落潮时大。     

Research Progress and Development Tendency About Thermal Physical Properties of Rocks

The fundamental researches about thermal physical properties of rocks have much concern in oil and gas field. They go through four stages and are applied in thermal structure of lithosphere, thermal evolution of sedimentary basins, geotechnical engineering and geothermal area. This article summarized the current research progress on the basis of thermal physical properties of rocks and proposed the development of tendency for the future. Moreover, some cylindrical heat pipe, disc heat pipe, spherical heat pipe based on in-situ measurement method and prediction model based on mathematical statistics have been developed. The scholars discuss the internal relation between thermal conductivity parameter of rocks and other physical properties by a large number of experiments. The researches show that the thermal conductivity of rocks is affected by many factors, and the petrologic characteristic is the most important factor. The porosity of rocks, filled fluid properties, acoustic characteristics are also related to thermal conductivity, which is affected by temperature, pressure and anisotropy. In consideration of the study of thermal physical properties of rocks, we proposed the following tendency for the future. First of all, shale gas is regarded as a hot spot in oil-gas exploration and the formation mechanism and the formation of shale gas reservoir are under the control of thermal physical properties of shale gas, but the relationship among thermal conductivity and organic porous, organic carbon content, gas content, fractured characteristics remains unknown. Therefore, exploring the thermal physical properties of gas-bearing shale is an important research direction in oil and gas field. Secondly, the study of big data represents the general trend. Though the database of rocks thermal parameter is continually expanding, measuring in-situ thermal conductivity continuously in well is the best method to get the accurate in-situ thermal conductivity of rocks. Hence, the development of logging method principle and logging instruments based on thermal physical properties of rocks is a necessary trend for the future.     

龙羊峡水库水温结构演变及其对下游河道水温影响

多年调节水库由于年际运行过程的差异引起水库水温结构变化,探明其规律及对下游河道水温响应具有重要意义。以黄河龙羊峡水库为研究对象,利用水库蓄水后的1988～2008年运行过程及水温观测资料,分析了水库运行方式与水温结构变化关系,探讨了水库不同运用过程对下游河道水温的影响。研究结果表明:龙羊峡水库水温结构演变及其对下游河道水温影响程度与水库运用过程密切相关。12～3月,水温结构为弱分层或等温分布,较高水位的蓄热增温效应明显,下游河道水温与水库水位变化具有同相位关系;5～10月,水温结构为分层分布,水位是决定分层形态变化最主要因素,下游河道水温与水库水位变化具有反相位关系,同时,水位与河道水温在不同的出入库水量条件下,呈现不同的线性相关关系。11月和4月,水温结构近乎为等温状态,也是水温结构变化的转折点。研究成果为分析大型水库在不同运行条件下水温结构及下游河道水温提供一定的参考依据。