云南省临沧邦东忙牙铜矿成矿信息分析

忙牙区1∶1万土壤化探测量发现三个铜异常晕圈,三条矿化带,均赋存于火山岩与二叠系浅变质接触带内及其附近,矿床成因属中—低温热液型,且受构造控制。     

Modeling of pile installation using contact mechanics and quadratic elements

In geotechnical engineering, numerical analysis of pile capacity is often performed in such a way that piles are modeled using only the geometry of their final position in the ground and simply loaded to failure. In these analyses, the stress changes caused by the pile installation are neglected, irrespective of the installation method. For displacement piles, which are either pushed or hammered into the ground, such an approach is a very crude simplification. To model the entire installation process of displacement piles a number of additional nonlinear effects need to be considered. As the soil adjacent to the pile is displaced significantly, small deformation theory is no longer applicable and a large deformation finite element formulation is required. In addition, the continuously changing interface between the pile and the soil has to be considered. Recently, large deformation frictional contact has been used to model the pile installation and cone penetration processes. However, one significant limitation of the analysis was the use of linear elements, which have proven to be less accurate than higher order elements for nonlinear materials such as soils.

This paper presents a large deformation frictional contact formulation which can be coupled consistently with quadratic solid elements. The formulation uses the so-called mortar-type discretisation of the contact surfaces. The performance of this contact discretisation technique is demonstrated by accurately predicting the stress transfer between the pile and the soil surfaces.     

云南泸水外岩房锡钨矿床地质特征

锡钨矿体产于志本山岩体外接触带、上寒武统核桃坪组下段砂板岩层间破碎带的蚀变闪长—辉长岩脉带中,少数矿体产于岩体内接触带上.矿床成因属于与混合岩化后期派生岩浆有关的高—中温热液矿床.     

Palaeoproterozoic metamorphism in the Jeori-Wangtu Gneissic Complex (JWGC), western Himalayas

The Jeori-Wangtu Gneissic Complex (JWGC) exposed as a tectonic window in the Lesser Himalayas represents one of the oldest Gneissic Complex of the Himalayas. Foliated granite and the metapelite constitute the dominant lithologies of the JWGC. The western margin of the JWGC is bounded by a brittle shear while in the east, the tectonic surface is a ductile shear zone.Kyanite schist, chloritoid schist, staurolite schist (St-1), garnet schist and staurolite schist (St-2) are present in a west to east sequence beginning from near to the Jhakhri thrust and up to the contact with the JWGC granite. Mica schist is intermittently present and is the dominant metapelite. Low to medium grade regional metamorphic conditions has been inferred for these rocks.Calc silicate enclaves within the JWGC granite preserve the contact metamorphic effects. These are reflected in development of narrow zones of disequilibrium assemblages of calcareous garnet (grs₅₃), clinopyroxene, K feldspar, calcic plagioclase (An₈₆), quartz, zoned sphene, zoned allanite, amphiboles, calcite and epidote.Recording of contact metamorphic assemblage of 1.80 Ga granite witin the enclave calc silicates and in the host metapelites over an earlier, relict low to medium grade assemblage indicates that the JWGC preserves palaeoproterozoic metamorphic imprints.     

An effective stress analysis of partially embedded offshore pipelines: Vertical penetration and axial walking

A study on quantifying offshore pipeline resistance during vertical penetration and axial walking is presented, based on coupled pore pressure and displacement finite element analysis with the Modified Cam Clay model. Following the validation of the numerical method against published centrifuge test results and limit analysis solutions, we present the findings of a detailed parametric study on the response of partially-embedded pipelines under vertical and axial movements, employing 2-D plain strain and full 3-D soil–pipeline models. Emphasis is put on practical findings, and on proposing simplified expressions for the estimation of the contact enhancement factor and of the equivalent friction factor, that can be used at least for preliminary design purposes.     

Advance numerical simulation of tunneling by using a double shield TBM

Double shield TBMs are amongst the most technically sophisticated excavation machines in use by tunneling industry. However, using the shielded machine limits access to the walls for observation of ground conditions and presence of shield makes the machine susceptible to entrapment or seizure in weak rocks under high stresses which results in high convergence. To realistically evaluate the possibility of machine seizure in such grounds, the interaction between the rock mass and shields, lining and backfilling need to be understood. This study explains the application of numerical analysis for 3D simulation of mechanized tunneling by using a double shield TBM. For this purpose, a comprehensive numerical simulation is developed to systematically evaluate the potential of excessive ground convergence. Simulation results at five reference points on the tunnel circumference along the tunnel have been examined. The results are including longitudinal displacement profile (LDP) as well as contact force profiles (LFP) on both front and rear shields, frictional forces and required thrust to move the machine, stress history of ground, and estimated loading of the segments. The results also proved that numerical analyses can successfully be used for prediction of loads on the shield during excavation to assess risks of machine entrapment.     

变电站接地电阻实例计算及降阻分析

根据实际接地网所处环境因素的分析,对变电站所需的雷电系统的防护,依据国家制定的标准的要求,提出了具体解决方案。     

Calculation of the CO2 Degassing during Contact Metamorphism and Its Geological Significance: The Model and Example from the Shuanshan Area of the South Tan-Lu Fault Belt

The paper studies CO2 degassing and controlling factors under the condition of contact metamorphism in the Shuangshan area, southern Tan-Lu fault belt and the method of calculating the amount of CO2 degassing. The results show that the amount of CO2 degassing is controlled by the characteristics of the country rocks, including the thermal conductivity, penetrability, porosity and connectivity. Compositions, size and depth of intrusive rock also have an important influence on CO2 degassing, i.e., they generated numerous cracks in the country rocks, and thus allowed the easy flow and accumulation of fluids. The amount of CO2 flux in contact metamorphism is calculated quantitatively based on the metamorphic reaction and time--integrated fluid flux. The value (0.729- 2.446×104 mol/cm2) of CO2 flux suggests that CO2 was provided mainly by the contact metamorphic reaction. The generation and releasing of CO2 are positively correlated with the degree of metamorphism, and XCO2 in fluids gradually increases from dolomite zone to calcite zone, but in the zone of grossular, fluid flux is the largest and XCO2 sharply decreases due to involvement of magmatic water. This study presents evidence that a large amount of industrial-scale CO2 can be produced during contact metamorphism. On the basis of theoretical and practical studies, a cone model has been proposed to response CO2 degassing for the contact metamorphism, and it can be used to explore CO2 accumulations beyond the oil-gas basins. This model can also be applied to the study of inorganic genesis of CO2 accumulations.     

连续胶结声速理论胶结半径表达式的一般性推广及应用

针对Dvorkin 和Nur （1996） 提出的连续胶结声速理论（CCT）中的胶结半径表达式仅适用于孔隙式胶结疏松砂岩的局限性,通过胶结物与颗粒之间的空间几何关系,在胶结物中心厚度不为零的前提下,推导了胶结物胶结半径的一般表达式,并考察了胶结物中心厚度对疏松砂岩声波速度的影响,探讨了该表达式在基底式胶结疏松砂岩纵横波速度预测中的应用.结果表明：随胶结物中心厚度变大,纵、横波速度均减小,且孔隙度越大,胶结物含量越少,速度下降越快;孔隙度或胶结物含量不变时,纵横波速比随胶结物中心厚度的增大而增大;纵横波速比随孔隙度的变化规律与胶结物中心厚度有关,当胶结物中心厚度较小时,孔隙度增大,纵横波速比略微减小,而当胶结物中心厚度较大时,孔隙度的增大会引起纵横波速比略微增大;对于基底式胶结疏松砂岩,使用推广后表达式修正的CCT模型相对原CCT模型能够更好地预测其声波速度,同时发现,利用其纵横波速比无法预测由孔隙度或胶结物含量变化引起的疏松砂岩软硬的变化,但是在胶结物含量或孔隙度不变的情况下,纵横波速比可指示由胶结物中心厚度变化引起的疏松砂岩软硬的变化.     

松潘—甘孜地块地壳和上地幔顶部现今变形模式数值模拟研究

松潘—甘孜地块至四川盆地是整个青藏高原地形梯度最大的地区,自西向东30~50 km范围内存在约4 km的显著地形高差,这可能与松潘—甘孜地块埋深20~25 km处的低阻低速层、地壳至上地幔顶部水平向运动速率随深度增加以及地幔对流拖曳力均有关联.为获得松潘—甘孜地块地壳和上地幔顶部现今变形模式,定量评价低阻低速层、中下地壳和上地幔顶部变形对川西高原隆升的影响.本文依据跨龙门山断裂带探测剖面,构建了长300 km、宽104 km的二维有限元接触模型,以1991—2016年GPS观测结果为初始约束,考虑岩石在长时间载荷蠕变作用的前提下,通过改变低阻低速层蠕变参数、模型西边界和底边界加载条件,共计开展了11项数值模拟实验.将模拟结果与综合多学科、不同时间尺度获得的地表隆升速率进行对比,各项模拟结果横向对比,对松潘—甘孜地块地壳至上地幔顶部现今变形及物质运移模式展开讨论,主要结论如下：（1）松潘—甘孜地块长期稳定、更为客观的最大隆升速率可能为1.4~1.5 mm·a-1;（2）低阻低速层可以作为中下地壳和上地幔物质运移的一个滑移面,构成上地壳与中下地壳的"解耦"带,促进松潘—甘孜块体整体隆升,但影响有限,不足以形成如此规模的强烈的地表抬升;（3）同时考虑低阻低速层作用及模型西边界加载速率随深度线性增加1.8倍的前提下,模拟的地表隆升速率与综合多学科、不同时间尺度获得的隆升速率最为吻合,这一动力条件下,中下地壳和上地幔物质受四川盆地强烈阻挡,速率快速减小分布于松潘—甘孜地块内部（模型50~150 km范围）,松潘—甘孜地块东缘和龙门山断裂带速率减小已不显著,故地表隆升中心位于川西高原而非龙门山断裂带;（4）青藏高原东缘物质汇聚到一定程度后,会迫使部分物质向两侧运动,实现物质运移动态平衡.