长江中下游岸线资源的特征及其评价利用

Waterfront resources are important and special kind of natural resources in the marginal area between land and water.The Yangtze River,the longest river in China,is not only rich in waterfront resources,but also has favorable development conditions with great potentiality.Aided by large-scale underwater topographic map,the major factors of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,such as the stability,the water depth and the natural conditions for port construction,are assessed in this paper rspectively on the basis of the overall investigations.The results show that:(1)the waterfront resources are abundant in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,but lack of perfectly combined high grade waterfront;(2)there exists and obvious regional difference in the natural quality of the waterfront along the Yangtze;(3)the fore-bank water depth and waterfront stability are the main natural factors related to the waterfront auality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River;(4)the waterfronts along the Yangtze are mainly used for port,warehouse and industrial pruposes; and (5)the waterfronts near important cities are highly used,especially the high-quality waterfronts.In addition,some suggestions for the development and utilization of the waterfront resources are presented in this paper.     

黑河中游间作农田的辐射收支特征分析

利用布设在黑河流域中游的张掖绿洲区的一套自动气象观测系统在2003-2004年的资料,分析了一个完整年度内春小麦和夏玉米间作农田生态系统的辐射收支及其变化特征。结果表明:太阳辐射Rs年平均为192.9 W.m-2.d-1,冬、春季较小,夏、秋季较大。反射辐射Rr平均为37.8 W.m-2.d-1,在土壤裸露时较大,随着作物覆盖度的增大呈下降趋势。地表反射率平均为0.22,在年内的变化趋势与反射辐射Rr基本一致。地面向上长波辐射Rlu和向下长波辐射Rld年平均分别为353.3 W.m-2.d-1和278.0 W.m-2.d-1,两者在1月份最小,从2月开始增大,到7月达到最大,随后持续降低至12月。有效辐射(Rlu-Rld)在农作物主要生长期的5~9月为70 W.m-2.d-1左右,春末夏初增加较大。净辐射Rn全年日均值为79.8 W.m-2,占太阳辐射量Rs的35%。在作物的主要生长季节(5~9月)Rn日平均达141 W.m-2,在无作物生长的季节(1~2月和11~12月),Rn日均值在8 W.m-2左右。光合有效辐射PAR全年累积值为2580.9 MJ.m-2,日均82.7 W.m-2,占太阳辐射量Rs的42.2%。PAR在年度内变化大。在无作物生长季节,PAR日均值一般在40~50 W.m-2。3月PAR迅速增大,日平均值达到78 W.m-2,PAR在7月达到最大,日均值为128 W.m-2。     

黄河上游地面点源催化剂的扩散

为研究黄河上游河曲段地面点源碘化银质点的垂直扩散范围，作者引用高斯地面点源催化剂质点扩散模式，分层考虑风向、风速垂直变化和逆温层、混合层顶反射，模拟估算了多云天地面点源发生的碘化银质点在垂直方向上的扩散分布。结果表明：从地面到2km的范围内，12h以前碘化银质点基本能扩散到距地面2km的高度，但浓度极值约100L^-1。14h以后其浓度极值能达到250L^-1以上，从地面扩散到1km高度并进入低云云体的时间约25min，到达2km高度的时间约48min，其浓度能达到人工影响降水的需要。     

长江镇扬河段地理信息系统的建立和应用

论述了建立长江镇扬河段地理信息系统的目的。介绍河段特点、系统环境、系统功能以及应用本系统进行了河床演变分析。     

Adjustment of flood discharge capacity with varying boundary conditions in a braided reach of the Lower Yellow River

It is of necessity to investigate the adjustment of flood discharge capacity in the Lower Yellow River(LYR) because of its profound importance in sediment transport and flood control decision-making, and additionally its magnitude is influenced by the channel and upstream boundary conditions, which have significantly varied with the ongoing implementation of soil and water conservation measures in the Loess Plateau and the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. The braided reach between two hydrometric stations of Huayuankou and Gaocun in the LYR was selected as the study area. Different parameters in the study reach during the period 1986–2015 were calculated, covering bankfull discharge(the indicator of flood discharge capacity), the pre-flood geomorphic coefficient(the indicator of channel boundary condition), and the previous five-year average fluvial erosion intensity during flood seasons(the indicator of incoming flow and sediment regime). Functional linkages at scales of section and reach were then developed respectively to quantitatively demonstrate the integrated effects of channel and upstream boundary conditions on the flood discharge capacity.Results show that:(1) the reach-scale bankfull discharge in the pre-dam stage(1986–1999)decreased rapidly by 50%, accompanied with severe channel aggradation and main-channel shrinkage. It recovered gradually as the geometry of main channel became narrower and deeper in the post-dam stage, with the geomorphic coefficient continuously reducing to less than 15 m-1/2.(2) The response of bankfull discharge to the channel and upstream boundary conditions varied at scales of section and reach, and consequently the determination coefficients differed for the comprehensive equations, with a smallest value at the Jiahetan station and a highest value(0.91) at reach scale. Generally, the verified results calculated using the comprehensive equations agreed well with the corresponding measured values in 2014–2015.(3) The effect of channel boundary condition was more prominent than that of upstream boundary condition on the adjustment of bankfull discharge at the Jiahetan station and the braided reach, which was proved by a larger improvement in determination coefficients for the comprehensive equations and a better performance of geomorphic coefficient on the increase of bankfull discharge.     

黄河内蒙古河段非汛期和汛期冲淤量计算方法

基于多沙河流“多来多排”的经验输沙公式,建立了考虑上站来沙量、前期河床累计淤积量、临界输沙水量及干支流泥沙粒径影响的非汛期和汛期输沙量一般表达式。在此基础上,根据黄河内蒙古河段1952-2010年实测的水沙资料,将其应用于黄河内蒙古河段巴彦高勒—三湖河口河段、三湖河口—头道拐河段以及巴彦高勒—头道拐全河段非汛期和汛期输沙量的计算,并应用输沙率法计算了各河段1952-2010年的非汛期和汛期冲淤量及其相应的累计冲淤量。通过输沙量、冲淤量和累计冲淤量计算值与实测值的对比表明,各河段非汛期和汛期输沙量、冲淤量及相应的累计淤积量计算值与实测值的吻合较好,其中非汛期和汛期输沙量计算值和实测值之间的相关系数R²分别约为0.93和0.97;非汛期和汛期冲淤量计算值与实测值之间的相关系数R²分别约为0.80和0.90;非汛期和汛期累计冲淤量之间的相关系数R²分别约为0.94和0.99。结果表明,就吻合程度而言,累计冲淤量优于年冲淤量,汛期优于非汛期。本文建立的冲淤量方法能够很好模拟该河段长历时的非汛期和汛期冲淤过程,可为黄河内蒙古河段输沙量及长期淤积发展趋势的分析提供科学依据。     

Spatial variability in the timing,nature and extent of channel response to typical human disturbance along the Upper Hunter River,New South Wales,Australia

Prior to European settlement, the Upper Hunter River near Muswellbrook, New South Wales, was a passively meandering gravel‐bed river of moderate sinuosity and relatively uniform channel width. Analyses of floodplain sedimentology, archival records, parish maps and aerial photographs document marked spatial variability in the pattern of channel change since European settlement in the 1820s. Different types, rates and extents of change are reported for seven zones of adjustment along an 8 km study reach. This variable adjustment reflects imposed antecedent controls (buried terrace material and bedrock), which have significantly influenced local variability in river sensitivity to change, as well as contemporary morphodynamics and geomorphic complexity. Local variability in system responses to disturbance has important implications for future river management and rehabilitation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response of bed morphology and bed material texture to hydrological conditions at an asymmetrical stream confluence

Changes in bed morphology and sedimentology at stream confluences in relation to specific hydrological events have not been documented extensively. Moreover, few, if any, studies have investigated the effect of net hydrological conditions on channel change at a confluence over a period of many years. Repeat cross section surveys and sampling of bed material at a small, asymmetrical stream confluence reveal the short-term effects of hydrological variability on bed morphology and spatial patterns of bed material texture. Survey data over a 15-year period illustrate the long-term response of channel morphology at the confluence to net hydrological conditions. Results confirm that this confluence is a dynamic fluvial environment, involving shifts in the zone of scour and repeated deposition and erosion of a bar complex at the downstream junction corner as the discharge ratio changes in response to hydrological variability in the tributary streams. Persistent faster runoff-response times of the lateral tributary compared to the main stem have resulted in long-term net erosion of the channel bank opposite this tributary. The documented morphological and sedimentological changes are consistent with and can be explained by results of experimental studies and by past investigations at this confluence that have documented changes in patterns of mean flow structure and turbulence in response to variation in the discharge ratio of contributing streams.     

Geometric properties of river cross sections and associated hydrodynamic implications in Wuhan–Jiujiang river reach, the Yangtze River

Based on measured hydrological data by using ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) instrument, we analyzed shapes of river cross sections of the middle Yangtze River basin (mainly focusing on Makou and Tianjiazhen river reach). Hydrodynamic properties of river channels were also discussed. The research results indicate that nonlinear relationships can be identified between river-width/river-depth ratio (W/D ratio), sizes of cross section and mean flow velocity. Positive relations are detected between W/D ratio and mean flow velocity when W/D<1; and negative relations are observed when W/D>1. Adverse relationships can be obtained between W/D ratio and cross-section area. Geomorphologic and geologic survey indicates different components of river banks in the wider and narrower river reaches respectively. These may be the main driving factors causing unique hydrological properties of river channels in the middle Yangtze River basin. Narrower river cross sections tend to raise water level in the upstream river reach near narrower river channel, giving rise to backwater effects. River knots can cause serious backwater effects, which is harmful for flood mitigation. However river knots will also stabilize river channel and this will be beneficial for river channel management. The results of this paper may be helpful for flood mitigation and river channel management in the middle Yangtze River basin.