大位移井悬链线剖面设计的数值计算

悬链线剖面是大位移井轨道的经典类型,在进行设计时需要求解一个以悬链线初始井斜角为未知数的非线性方程。由于未知数包含在多个三角函数和对数函数中,计算工作量较大,而且常用的迭代求解方法存在一些问题。通过数学变换将该方程转换成一个只包含对数函数和多项式函数的新方程,对新方程的函数性态做了几何分析,进而提出了寻找求解区间的步长搜索算法和自适应步长搜索算法。利用二分法在求解区间上能够快速求出新方程的数值解。利用大位移井设计实例验证了本文算法的有效性,并对圆弧井段井眼曲率与方程解的关系进行了讨论。本文提出的算法可用于大位移井轨道设计的计算机软件开发中。     

Patterns in stream longitudinal profiles and implications for hyporheic exchange flow at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest,Oregon, USA

There is a need to identify measurable characteristics of stream channel morphology that vary predictably throughout stream networks and that influence patterns of hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams. In this paper we characterize stream longitudinal profiles according to channel unit spacing and the concavity of the water surface profile. We demonstrate that: (1) the spacing between zones of upwelling and downwelling in the beds of mountain streams is closely related to channel unit spacing; (2) the magnitude of the vertical hydraulic gradients (VHGs) driving hyporheic exchange flow increase with increasing water surface concavity, measured at specific points along the longitudinal profile; (3) channel unit spacing and water surface concavity are useful metrics for predicting how patterns in hyporheic exchange vary amongst headwater and mid‐order streams. We use regression models to describe changes in channel unit spacing and concavity in longitudinal profiles for 12 randomly selected stream reaches spanning 62 km² in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon. Channel unit spacing increased significantly, whereas average water surface concavity (AWSC) decreased significantly with increasing basin area. Piezometer transects installed longitudinally in a subset of stream reaches were used to measure VHG in the hyporheic zone, and to determine the location of upwelling and downwelling zones. Predictions for median pool length and median distance between steps in piezometer reaches bracketed the median distance separating zones of upwelling in the stream bed. VHG in individual piezometers increased with increasing water surface concavity at individual points in the longitudinal profile along piezometer transects. Absolute values of VHG, averaged throughout piezometer transects, increased with increasing AWSC, indicating increased potential for hyporheic exchange flow. These findings suggest that average hyporheic flow path lengths increase—and the potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches decreases—along the continuum from headwater to mid‐order mountain streams. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determining transition reaches between torrents and downstream rivers using a valley morphology index in a mountainous landscape

Dividing rivers into homogeneous reaches is key for river processes and watershed management. In contrast to downstream fluvially dominated rivers, upstream debris-flow dominated torrents have steeper channel slopes and smaller valley width/depth ratios. Investigating transition reaches between torrents and fluvially dominated rivers, not only explores the structure of the landscape, but also contributes to hazard management. This study proposed a valley morphology index combining two variables, channel slope and valley width/depth ratio, to determine transition reaches between torrents and rivers. The methodology was applied to 41 mountain streams in Taiwan using a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based topographic analysis. Plots of valley width/depth ratio versus channel slope were used to determine boundary values of the valley morphology index (I_v) separating torrents from rivers. The plots showed that about 80% of the river basins present “L-shaped” curves, which indicate sharp decreases in slope for upstream sections and dramatic increases of valley width/depth ratio for downstream sections. Results further demonstrated an average value of I_v 0.0047 across the study sites. Spatial comparison between geographic regions indicated that transition reaches in eastern rivers tend to occur lower in the drainage basin due, in part, to higher terrain. Local factors, such as tributary confluences and landslides promote the transition from torrents to fluvially dominated rivers. Satellite images verified that the approach correctly identified transition reaches, suggesting that it may provide a useful reference for river management.     

黄河内蒙古河段冲淤演变及其影响因素

冲淤平衡的河流具有调整河床变形使之趋向不变形的特性,这种特性必然反映在河床横断面冲淤演变的趋势之中。据此,采用横断面冲淤指标跟踪计算法生成黄河上游巴彦高勒、三湖河口站1976-2006 年的横断面冲淤演变时间序列,对该长期序列的趋势变化和突变特点进行分析后发现：内蒙古河床演变明显存在3 个阶段,即演变相对稳定阶段、河床快速萎缩变形阶段和新的相对稳定阶段,以及孔兑来沙大的年份是横断面冲淤面积趋势改变的时间。大型水库修建后,孔兑来沙对河道横断面冲淤趋势变化的影响更加显著,表明近年来大洪水缺失和孔兑来沙的共同作用是导致河床萎缩的重要根源。90 年代中后期横断面冲淤演变再次发生突变之后,内蒙河段进入到一个新的相对稳定期,河床边界条件已经和来水来沙条件相适应,因此在新的稳定条件下,如何治理内蒙河道的淤积萎缩值得探讨。     

塔里木河下游土壤风蚀期0～15cm层土壤含水率分布规律

土壤表层含水率是影响土壤风蚀的一个重要参数。在塔里木河下游土壤风蚀期间对0~15 cm层土壤水分进行调查,发现0~15 cm层土壤含水率极低,平均含水率仅0.84%,含水率>2%的区域主要分布在绿洲边缘和河道边缘。进一步探讨植被盖度、风沙活动强度和土壤结皮对0~15 cm层土壤含水率分布的影响,结果表明:①0~15 cm层土壤含水率与植被盖度的相关性不显著;②0~15 cm层土壤含水率与风沙活动强度呈显著指数负相关;③土壤结皮能够有效保护表层土壤水分,抑制土壤风蚀。     

近30年黄河下游河道深泓线摆动特点

冲积河流深泓摆动具有复杂的时空变化特点,其摆动特点对于研究黄河下游河势变化及河床演变规律具有重要意义。以1986-2015年黄河下游91个淤积断面汛后实测地形资料为基础,计算下游断面及河段尺度的深泓摆动宽度及强度,分析近30年来黄河下游各河段的深泓摆动特点,并探讨游荡段深泓摆动强度的主要影响因素。结果表明:深泓摆动方向具有往复性,各断面深泓摆动宽度呈现上段大、中下段小的特点;小浪底水库运行后下游深泓摆动宽度大大降低,游荡段、过渡段和弯曲段年均深泓摆动宽度较水库运行前分别减小了47%、37%和41%;河床边界条件（滩槽高差、河床组成等）对游荡段深泓摆动强度有一定影响,但上游来水来沙条件是主要影响因素;建立了游荡段深泓摆动强度与该河段前4年平均水流冲刷强度的幂函数关系,并对经验公式进行了验证。     

黄河中游河流阶地的对比及阶地系列形成中构造作用的多层次性分析

黄河在流经青藏市原东北缘海原－同以弧形构造区的过程中,发育了多达10－21组的斯座和侵蚀型阶地,其最大拔河高度为40lm,最高阶地的发育年代为1．57MaBP。通过对该区米家山、车木峡和黑山峡河口3处黄河阶地以及我国北方大范围内河流阶地的对比分析发现,河流阶地系列形成中在构造作用上具有多层次性特征,即它包含了不同范围或规模和不同级次构造隆升作用所导致的阶地。研究区的黄河阶地系列可以划分为3个层次。其中,第一层次的阶地共有6级,为我国北方大范围内同期形成的阶地,它们代表1．6Ma以来青藏高原阶段性隆升的次数,其隆升幅度由西向东逐渐减小;第二层次的阶地共有5级,为海原－天景山构造区内同期发育的阶地,它们代表1．6Ma以来该构造区本身自隆升的次数和幅度;第三层次阶地为发育在米家山东坡的10级不同期阶地,它们代表1．6Ma以来海原构造山地独自的抬升的次数和幅度。阶地发育时间与黄土－古土壤序列的对比还表明,反映青藏高原大范围构造隆升的第一层次阶地与气候变化之间有很好的可对比性,其形成年代均与相应古土壤发育时间的间冰期对应,暗示导致河流下切的在范围构造抬升与强干冷期后同样可导致河流下切的气候暖湿期紧密相关,它们共同组成了构造－气候旋回。第二层次和第三层次阶地的形成时间与气候变化之间无统一特定的关系,显示它们的形成更主要的受控于天景山块体和海原构造带的隆升作用。因此,研究区的河流阶地主要可分为2种成因类型。一种是在大范围构造抬升和气候变化联合作用下形成的构造－气候旋回阶地,此类阶地分布范围广,具有区域间的可对比性;另一种是以局部构造抬升为主导因素形成的脉动式构造旋回阶地,此类阶地的分布受 控于活动构造带,在构造区带内自成体系,不具有区域间的可对比性。     

缺乏资料条件下倒灌河段流速的近似确定方法

倒灌河段受干流影响往往存在双向流动,其流速的确定与单一河道明显不同,对缺乏必要水文和地形资料的大量中小倒灌河段,使用数学模型或物理模型常常遇到困难.针对这一情形,本文采用物理模型,结合数学模型及多元回归分析方法,提出了确定倒灌河段最大流速的经验公式,具有一定的应用价值,为工程问题中倒灌河段流速确定作了有益的尝试.     

Secondary flow in anabranch confluences of a braided,gravel-bed stream

Measurements of the primary and secondary velocity components were máde in two, active, braided river anabranch confluences with a simple Y-shaped plan form, in the gravelly Sunwapta River (D₅₀ of approximately 30 mm). Flow velocity was measured at regularly-spaced intervals using a bidirectional electromagnetic current meter and the measured downstream and cross-stream velocities were converted to primary and secondary velocities to yield the secondary circulation. The primary (downstream) velocity field shows two high velocity streams from the two tributaries which merge (and, in some cases, accelerate) into a single high velocity core over the thalweg. Primary flow velocity declines as the flow expands and diverges at the downstream end of the confluence. The secondary circulation is dominated by two helical cells, back-to-back, plunging over the thalweg and diverging at the bed. This is the first confirmation of this flow structure in confluences, based on field measurements. The strength of the secondary cells declines downstream through each confluence, and laterally away from the thalweg area in cross-section. There is also a tendency for one cell, from the larger of the tributaries, to override the other. The secondary and primary flow structure and strength differs slightly between the two confluences and this is reflected in differences in scour hole form.     

长江中游和尚洞石笋的高分辨率同位素、微量元素记录及古气候研究

通过对长江中游和尚洞HS-2号石笋的沉积特征及C、O同位素Mg、Sr微量元素相结合分析,利用U系法定年,获取了长江中游19.0ka～6.9ka的古气候、古环境信息(平均分辨率为17a,局部分辨率达到7a).得出如下结论(1)19.0～16.6ka, C、O同位素偏轻,气候冷湿;(2)16.6～11.1ka, C、O同位素偏重, 气温上升,降水偏少;(3)11.1～10.3ka 干热时期中的突然回冷事件对应于新仙女木事件(Younger Dryas Event);(4)10.3～6.9 ka B.P δ18O及δ13C值逐渐变轻,而Mg/Sr比继续增大,表现为气温上升,降雨量较大.反映了历史时期湿冷、干热、湿暖交替变化的气候趋势,得出了长江中游千年级和百年级的一些气候变化趋势,特别是发现了新仙女木事件在长江中游洞穴石笋中完整的记录,说明新仙女木事件是全球性气候突变与环境灾变事件