Micromixing modelling of concentration fluctuations in inhomogeneous turbulence in the convective boundary layer

The micromixing technique, widely used in engineering calculations of mixing and chemical reaction, is extended to atmospheric boundary-layer flows. In particular, a model based on the interaction-by-exchange-with-the-conditional-mean (IECM) micromixing approach is formulated to calculate concentration fluctuation statistics for a line source and a point source in inhomogeneous and non-Gaussian turbulence in the convective boundary layer. The mixing time scale is parameterised as a linear function of time with the intercept value determined by the source size at small times. Good agreement with laboratory data for the intensity of concentration fluctuations is obtained with a value of 0.9 for the coefficient of the linear term in the time-scale parameterisation for a line source, and a value of 0.6 for a point source. Calculation of higher-order moments of the concentration field for a line source shows that non-Gaussian effects persist into the vertically well-mixed region. The cumulative distribution function predicted by the model for a point source agrees reasonably well with laboratory data, especially in the far field. In the limit of zero mixing time scale, the model reduces to a meandering plume model, thus enabling the concentration variance to be partitioned into meandering and relative components. The meandering component is shown to be more persistent for a point source than for a line source.     

我国工业布局的变化趋势

解放以来,我国工业布局发生了重大的变化,积累了丰富的资料和经验。系统地分析、评价我国工业布局变化的规律和趋势是经济建设中的重大实践问题,也是经济地理学     

察尔汗盐湖铷资源利用——从基础认知到技术创新

铷是诸多高新技术领域中的关键元素。青海察尔汗盐湖卤水中蕴藏着丰富的铷资源,但由于铷浓度极低,且与大量钠、钾、镁等离子共存,提取难度极大。利用已知技术从察尔汗盐湖卤水中直接提取铷难以满足经济性约束的前提,这成为察尔汗盐湖铷资源难以利用的症结之一。本文从理论和实验两个方面分析了NaCl+KCl+RbCl+MgCl₂+H₂O体系中(K,Rb)Cl和铷钾光卤石固溶体—水溶液平衡对察尔汗盐湖卤水中铷分布的制约作用,确定了钾光卤石基固溶体是控制卤水中微量铷进入固相的关键矿物,钾光卤石的形成会使卤水中的铷浓度迅速下降至极低水平。用光卤石矿生产氯化钾,铷几乎全部进入氯化钾产品中,这一结论得到了现场盐田样品分析结果的支持。在上述新认知的启发下,我们设计了从察尔汗盐湖氯化钾产品中浓缩铷的工艺流程,并进行了公斤级小试和吨级放大试验,获得了铷浓度为400 mg/L的富铷料液,其中镁/铷比和钾/铷比均大幅降低;此外,进一步利用本团队成熟的t-BAMBP萃取方法可高效提取氯化铷,其工艺综合成本约为2 090 元/kg,较好满足了察尔汗盐湖铷资源开发的经济性前提。     

云南个旧云掌寨铁矿控矿因素

云掌寨铁矿区地质条件复杂,控矿因素较多,通过分析认为受“层、相、位”控制,地层初始富集,构造及岩浆活动提供通道及热源,热液驱动作用下在构造有利部位成矿.     

地质信息约束下的三维密度填图技术研究及应用

矿产勘探中应用最广泛、成本最低的方法就是重力和磁法勘探,它们在靶区优选、隐伏矿定位等不同勘查阶段均发挥了重要作用。但是重磁解释的反演结果往往产生多解性,因而需要采用有效方法来减小多解性。无约束的反演通常很难得到符合实际地质情况的解,因此地质约束反演是现阶段降低多解性的主要途径。本文从模型试验入手,开展了三维密度填图技术研究。对比了无约束与有约束以及约束多少的反演效果,结果发现随着约束条件的增加,反演所得的结果与真实情况的吻合度逐渐增加。本文还以安徽省庐枞矿集区为例,探索了地质信息约束下的重力三维填图技术,获得了矿集区地下5km深度的三维密度体,该结果揭示了矿集区主要岩体三维分布、构造的起伏和主要地层的展布。模型试验和实例结果表明:地质信息约束的三维密度填图技术,能够降低反演多解性,提高分辨率,优化反演结果,是现阶段实现矿集区"透明化",发现深部矿产的最有效的方法之一。     

Mechanisms Controlling the Undrained Strength Behavior of Remolded Ariake Marine Clays

The soft clay of Ariake Bay, in western Kyushu, Japan covers several hundred square kilometers. Ariake clay consists of the principal clay minerals namely smectite, illite, kaolinite and vermiculite, and other minerals in lesser quantity. The percentage of the principal clay mineral can vary significantly. The percent clay size fraction and the salt concentration can also vary significantly. In view of the importance of undrained shear strength in geotechnical engineering practice, its behavior has been studied with respect to variation in salt concentration. Basically two mechanisms control the undrained strength in clays, namely (a) cohesion or undrained strength is due to the net interparticle attractive forces, or (b) cohesion is due to the viscous nature of the double layer water. Concept (a) operates primarily for kaolinitic soil, and concept (b) dominates primarily for montmorillonitic soils. In Ariake clay, different clay minerals with different exchangeable cations and varying ion concentration in the pore water and varying nonclay size fraction are present. In view of this while both concepts (a) and (b) can coexist and operate simultaneously, one of the mechanisms dominates. For Isahaya clay, concept (a), factors responsible for an increase in level of flocculation and attractive forces result in higher undrained strength. Increase in salt concentration increases the remolded undrained strength at any moisture content. For Kubota and Kawazoe clays, concept (b) factors responsible for an expansion of diffuse double layer thickness, resulting in higher viscous resistance, increase the undrained shear strength, that is, as concentration decreases, the undrained strength increases at any moisture content. The liquid limit of Isahaya clay increases with increase in ion concentration and a marginal decrease is seen for both Kubota and Kawazoe clays, and their behavior has been explained satisfactorily.     

滇东南金成矿区(带)划分及找矿潜力分析

成矿区划分为2个金成矿带,10个金矿田。构造控矿明显,岩浆活动与金成矿关系密切,成矿具长期性和滞后性,类型多样,矿床(点)空间分布集中,金与锑(汞)关系共存,找金潜力较大。     

花岗岩晶质铀矿的产出概况及其富集因素的初步研究

本文采用人工重砂法调查了同内花岗岩体中晶质铀矿的含量。初步证明,花岗岩内主要的脉型铀矿床、矿田都位于晶质铀矿含量高的(大于5g/t)花岗告体内。晶质铀矿在花岗岩岩浆中的富集,需要四方面因素的配合:重熔母岩相对富铀;重熔规模大,充分分异演化;铀含量高,钍含量低,以及REE、Nb、Ta、zr、P等含量相对较低;成岩时氧逸度较低。确定花岗岩中是否含晶质铀矿(并结合岩体出露面积大小)是判断该岩体是否具产铀潜力的最关键的依据。但由于品质铀矿有时在岩体中分布不很均匀,因而最好能有3个以上样品的测定值,以便对该岩体能否作为铀源体作出确凿的判断。     

温室气体浓度变化及其源与汇研究进展

对工业革命以来大气中主要温室气体浓度变化和增长趋势作了简介。概述了冰芯研究的最新成果:420 ka BP以来CO2浓度变化情况及其揭示的气候变化机制;全新世期间CH4浓度的波动;气候事件中N2O浓度的快速波动及工业化前的水平。总结了全球温室气体源与汇的研究现状,重点介绍了全球碳循环研究中的未知汇问题,列举了根据不同资料和模型估计的陆地碳汇位置和幅度以及影响因素对陆地碳汇的贡献等认识上的差异。简单介绍了国内有关温室气体源与汇研究,如稻田CH4排放、岩溶系统碳循环和黄土中温室气体组分特征等方面的研究成果和认识。     

城市街谷几何结构对街谷内流场及污染物浓度场影响的数值模拟

利用数值模拟方法研究了微尺度街道峡谷范围内街谷几何结构及街道两侧建筑物高度对称性对街谷内流场及机动车排放污染物扩散规律的影响。结果表明:当街道峡谷高宽比>2.1时,街谷内的流场结构由一个完整的垂直涡旋变为上下两个反向运动的强弱不同的垂直涡旋。各类型街谷内污染物扩散水平从强到弱依次为迎风面建筑物高度大于背风面建筑物高度的街道峡谷,迎风面建筑物高度小于背风面建筑物高度的街道峡谷;平行型街道峡谷。