Scattering and dissipation of seismic waves in the presence of nonlinearity

The processes of seismic wave scattering and dissipation are examined in a medium that, in addition to being inhomogeneous and anelastic, is nonlinear and seismically active (seismic emission). In such a medium, there is a complex interrelation between the effects of nonlinearity, scattering and dissipation. Thus, nonlinear interactions between the various components (primary, scattered and induced) of a developing wavefield cause nonlinear (or wave-on-wave) scattering and, by transferring part of the wave energy to the high-frequency region, contribute to its scattering and dissipation. On the other hand, whereas dissipation opposes the accumulation of nonlinear effects by reducing the wave amplitudes, scattering assists it by increasing the propagation distance (and hence the interaction time).Estimates based on results of field experiments involving vibrators indicate that, as a rule, scattering on inhomogeneities is much stronger than nonlinear scattering, and that nonlinear effects may often dominate dissipative ones.The nonlinearity of the transmitting medium explains observedQ-value anomalies, and its seismic activity explains the existence ofP coda and the temporal changes in codaQ.     

CT在肾脏疾病诊断中的应用价值

本文分析了腹部平片,静脉肾盂造影,B 超及CT 对肾脏疾病的诊断价值。CT 的组织分辨力为普通X 线的十倍,并能提供二维图象,对肾囊肿,结石等疾病可作出定性及定量诊断。静脉肾盂造影有禁忌症限制。B 超受到肠道积气及脂肪影响。4cm 以上肿块行B 超导引穿刺,而深部小于4cm 病灶应行CT 导引下穿刺。     

26例胸腺肿块的CT分析

笔者报告了26例CT检查,手术病理及细胞学诊断确诊的胸腺肿块病例,探讨了良性、恶性胸腺肿瘤的CT诊断和鉴别诊断,认为胸腺肿块的密度、形状、钙化等征象的分析是诊断和鉴别诊断的关键。     

不同环境温度下冰云粒子的单次散射参量

本文提出了直接Stokes参量变换的射线追踪方案,优化了作者过去建立的求解六角冰晶粒子散射的射线追踪模式.在冰晶有吸收(折射指数为复数)的情况下,新模式采用了有效折射指数处理粒子内的非单色折射波.其次,新模式还引入了有效单次散射参量,消除了来自几何透射线的前向δ散射效应.最后,根据不同环境温度下的冰云中冰晶粒子的粒径谱分布,本文计算了粒径谱积分平均的3D随机取向六角冰晶粒子的单次散射参量.文中给出的冰晶粒子单次散射参量的数值,对研究冰云辐射特性将有一定参考价值.     

地震井间曲射线反射加透射层析（CCRTT）

本文提出了一种新的地震井间层析方法，即曲射线反射＋透射（ＣＣＲＴＴ）层析方法。该方法可以提高对油气储层层析成像的分辨率。适合用于储油层薄且与周围地层速度对比差大的油区。文中还从理论上ＣＣＲＴＴ可以提高分辨，使成像射线分布均匀，改善图像重建质量，对油田资料用ＣＣＲＴＴ图象重建的结果可以分辨１ｍ厚的油层。     

采用射线寻迹的井间层析成像

本文采用二维井间观测走时反演地震波速,用迭代射线寻迹走时成像方法进行层析成像.作者导出三次多项式插值基函数计算离散网格内的折射率分布,还给出了具有自己特点的二步扫描法,不但加快了正演计算时间,同时方便地建立走时残差与模型修正量的关系.考虑到实际应用时,震源与接收器常不位于同一平面,为此进行了校正,并给出了校正方法,提高了重建精度. 数值的与实际应用的结果表明,本文给出的层析成像算法是快速的、稳定的、适用的.     

利用首波重建基底速度图象

地震层析技术(Seismic Tomography)正在作为一种新技术引入到地震学的研究中,但由于地学中存在着非完全投影和模型参数间的耦合,使得该技术的应用受到了限制。本文讨论了用首波走时资料作为投影数据,重建基底或莫霍界面的速度图象的方法,同时亦可利用该方法对震源深度做进一步的修正。计算中采用了代数重建法,并就改善ART和SIRT这两种算法的稳定性及收敛速度,提出了较合理的权因子。通过数值模拟还对分辨和方差的影响进行了分析。 利用海南岛人工爆破地震Ⅰ、Ⅱ测线非纵剖面的P_8波走时资料,初步得到了该区基底面的速度图象。结果表明,基底的低速区分布与地表的两条断裂带吻合得较好,说明北东向的春江-中和断裂与干冲-木裳断裂穿过了基底。断裂带内的分段特征也在图象中有所表现     

Inhomogeneities near the core-mantle boundary evidenced from scattered waves: A review

Statistical properties of small-scale inhomogeneities (wavelengths between 20 and 70 km) near the core-mantle boundary are inferred from scattered core waves. Observations of scattered core waves at large seismic arrays and worldwide networks indicate that the inhomogeneities have a global nature with similar characteristics. However, there may exist a few regions having markedly stronger or weaker strengths. Scattering by volumetric inhomogeneities of about 1% inP-wave velocity in the lower mantle or by about 300 m of topographic relief of the core-mantle boundary can explain the observations. At present it is not possible to rule out either of these two alternatives, or a combination of both.     

Estimation of mean free path of S-waves under Beijing area by means of both intensity and decay of codas

The single back scattering model proposed by Aki is convenient due to its simplicity. This paper shows that the multiple scattering model which is an improvement upon Aki’s model also gives a very simple and successful approach to estimate the heterogeneities under a certain area. Both the intensity and the decay of codas were used to findQ-factor related to scattering. It is noted that although both the single scattering model and the multiple scattering model give quite close results, the results from the latter are more reasonable and self-consistent. This paper also suggests that whichever simplified model is used, the term of logarithm in its equation is not negligible. As an example, seismograms of local earthquakes recorded at the Beijing Regional Seismological Network were used and the averaged mean free path of S-wave under the Beijing area was obtained at frequencies around 1 Hz, is(165±104)km.     

Numerical-analytical interfacing in two dimensions with applications to modeling NTS seismograms

A new method for interfacing numerical and integral techniques allows greater flexibility in seismic modeling. Specifically, numerical calculations in laterally varying structure are interfaced with analytic methods that enable propagation to great distances. Such modeling is important for studying situations containing localized complex regions not easily handled by analytic means. The calculations involved are entirely two-dimensional, but the use of an appropriate source in combination with a filter applied to the resulting seismograms produces synthetic seismograms which are point-source responses in three dimensions. The integral technique is called two-dimensional Kirchhoff because its form is similar to the classical three-dimensional Kirchhoff. Data from Yucca Flat at the Nevada Test Site are modeled as a demonstration of the usefulness of the new method. In this application, both local and teleseismic records are modeled simultaneously from the same model with the same finite-difference run. This application indicates the importance of locally scattered Rayleigh waves in the production of teleseismic body-wave complexity and coda.