Cracking risk of partially saturated porous media—Part II: Application to drying shrinkage

Drying of deformable porous media results in their shrinkage, and it may cause cracking provided that shrinkage deformations are hindered by kinematic constraints. Herein, we focus on slow drying of an initially water‐saturated sample of a microheterogeneous poroelastic material damaged by parallel mesocracks. The cracking risk is analyzed by means of the thermodynamics‐based microporoelasticity model described in the companion paper (Part I), which is extended toward consideration of the hierarchical organization of cracked argillite. Drying of a material sample is studied in a framework where macrodisplacements in direction of the crack normal are blocked, while elsewise macrostress‐free boundary conditions prevail. The model implies that the opening/closure behavior of the cracks is governed by an effective pressure, in which the average crack (under)pressure, making the crack opening smaller, competes with the average micropore (under)pressure that makes the crack opening larger. The driving force for crack propagation is a quadratic function of this effective pressure. The model proposes that if drying shrinkage deformations are hindered by kinematic constraints, onset of cracking becomes possible once air entry into the cracks is observed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

断裂力学在冰工程中的应用

冰工程对于断裂力学是一个相对较新的应用领域.对不同工程领域中广泛存在的涉冰断裂力学问题进行了列举归纳,然后从冰的自然特性诸方面论证了冰工程分析中引入断裂力学方法的必要性及其适用性,最后综述了主要的研究成果和进展.     

白洋淀芦苇台地土壤理化因子及其酶活性特征

2009年4月22日、6月23日、8月31日和10月31日,在白洋淀鸳鸯岛、北田庄和圈头村芦苇(Phragmites australis)台地3个垂直剖面(0～10cm、10～30cm和30～60cm)上采集了土壤样品,分析了不同季节的土壤理化因子和4种土壤酶活性的时空变化及其相互关系。结果表明,白洋淀芦苇台地土壤含水量随着土壤深度的增加而增加;土壤有机质含量随土壤深度的增加而减少,0～10cm表层土的有机质含量都在70g/kg以上;土壤的全氮和全磷含量随土壤深度的增加而减少,各采样地0～10cm表层土壤的全氮含量为2.04～3.41g/kg,全磷含量为0.71～1.14g/kg。3块采样地0～60cm土壤的蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性、脱氢酶活性和荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性分别为0.53～28.56mg/g、0.44～2.36mg/g、1.62～12.18mg/g和8.07～172.65μg/g,表层土壤具有较大酶活性。芦苇台地4种土壤酶活性与土壤含水量呈显著负相关(p<0.01),与土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量呈显著正相关(p<0.01)。     

Engineering properties of unfired clay masonry bricks

The shortage of low cost and affordable housing in the UK has led to many investigations into new building masonry materials. Fired clay masonry bricks are conventionally used for mainstream masonry wall construction but suffer from the rising price of energy plus other related environmental problems such as high energy usage and carbon dioxide emission. The use of stabilised unfired clay bricks for masonry construction may solve these problems.This paper reports on the engineering properties of unfired clay bricks produced during the first industrial trial of unfired clay material development carried out at Hanson Brick Company, in Stewartby, Bedfordshire, under the Knowledge Exploitation Fund (KEF) Collaborative Industrial Research Project (CIRP) programme. The mixes were formulated using a locally available industrial by-product (Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag — GGBS) which is activated with an alkaline (lime or Portland cement) combined with clay soil. Portland cement was not used in the formulation of the unfired stabilised masonry bricks, except as a control, which is a significant scientific breakthrough for the building industry. Another breakthrough is the fact that only about 1.5% lime was used for GGBS activation. This level of lime is not sufficient for most road construction applications where less strength values are needed and where 3–8% lime is required for effective soil stabilisation. Hence, the final pricing of the unfired clay bricks is expected to be relatively low.The laboratory results demonstrate that the compressive strength, moisture content, rate of water absorption, percentage of void, density and durability assessment (repeated 24-hour freezing/thawing cycles) were all within the acceptable engineering standards for clay masonry units. The paper also discusses on the environmental performance of the unfired clay in comparison to the bricks, used in mainstream construction of today. The bricks produced using this technology can be used for low-medium cost housing and energy efficient masonry wall construction.     

福建莆田某建筑开裂的基础补强

某建筑建成不久,底层填充墙及基础梁就产生了开裂,开裂原因为桩基承载力达不到设计要求、采取的基础梁加大补强方案因地基土固结而失效、淤泥固结产生的负摩阻力加剧了桩基下沉等,在原因分析后采用了加大基础梁截面尺寸、并在基础梁下增设锚杆式静压桩进行补强,有效地修复了裂缝,取得了预期效果。     

中国大陆北西—北北西向断裂系统与强震

本文论述了中国大陆北西—北北西向断裂系统的分布和发育特征及其与强震间的关系。该断裂系统呈带状断续分布,是新的一次具有普遍意义的大陆地壳运动所造成的结果。其特点是发育规模较小、延伸较短、处于幼年期初破裂阶段、状态不稳定、断裂易扩张、活动性强等。它们控制着大陆现代中、强地震活动,中国大陆近代发生的一系列大地震多与大陆北西—北北西向断裂系统的活动有关。     

Scattering of SH waves from a partially debonded rigid elliptic cylinder

Scattering of SH waves by an embedded rigid elliptic cylinder of finite length, which is partially debonded from elastic soil is studied. The debonding regions are modeled as multiple elliptic arc-shaped interface cracks with non-contacting faces. The scattered wave field is expressed as a Mathieu function expansion with unknown coefficients. The mixed boundary conditions of the problem lead to a set of singular integral equations of the first type in terms of the dislocation density functions of the cracks. A quadrature method is used to solve these integral equations numerically. The results for dynamic stress intensity factors, far-field pattern of the displacement and scattering cross sections are presented. We particularly discuss the effects of the ratio of the short radius to long radius of the cylinder.     

滑带土结构强度再生研究

滑带土抗剪强度参数的正确选取，是没坡稳定性评价和 抗没工程设计中的关键问题。本文在现场调研和室内试验基础上，揭示了只要具有一定滑体厚度的滑带，没滑面具有强度再现象，在抗剪强度参数中尤其存在一定量值的结构强度。