辽河断陷源内油气资源潜力分析

辽河油田经过50余年以寻找圈闭为主的源外油气勘探开发,取得了丰富的成果。1986年突破年产原油10.0 Mt大关,成为中国第三大油田。进入21世纪以来,油田产量逐年下降,稳产难度越来越大。为了确保油田持续稳定发展,积极拓展勘探视野,寻找新的后备勘探领域,提出了油田发展的巨大潜在资源——源内油气资源的勘探新思路。可望带来新一轮油气储量和产量增长高峰。源内油气资源是相对于源外油气资源的概念而提出的。源内油气资源就是滞留在烃源岩中尚未排出或难于排出的油气资源。在长期的源外石油勘探工作中,摸索、总结了一套具有指导意义的石油地质理论和较成熟的勘探、开发技术系列,有效地勘探开发了地下的油气资源。源内石油勘探,是对油田发展和国家能源战略安全的前瞻性思考。但这是一个难度较大、常人难以理解的新领域和新观念!特别是面对目前世界原油价格不断下滑的困难局面,更增加了工作的难度。如能突破对这种新观念的种种束缚和来自方方面面的阻力,积极组织研究源内油气资源的富集和分布规律,开展相应的勘探开发技术攻关,将会带来新一轮油气资源量和储量增长高峰。对油田发展和国家能源战略安全具有重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。     

A three-phase XFEM model for hydraulic fracturing with cohesive crack propagation

A three-phase hydro-mechanical model for hydraulic fracturing is proposed. Three phases include: porous solid, fracturing fluid and host fluid. Discontinuity is handled using extended finite element method (XFEM) while cohesive crack model is used as fracturing criterion. Flow through fracture is defined as one-dimensional laminar flow, and flow through porous medium (host reservoir) is defined as two-dimensional Darcy flow. Coupling between two fluids in each space, fracture and pore, is captured through capillary pressure–saturation relationship, while the identical fluids in fracture and pore are coupled through a so-called leak-off mass transfer term. Coupling between fluids and deformation is captured through compatibility of volumetric strain of fluids within fracture and pore, and volumetric strain of the matrix. Spatial and temporal discretisation is achieved using the standard Galerkin method and the finite difference technique, respectively. The model is verified against analytical solutions available from literature. The leaking of fracturing fluid into the medium and suction of porous fluid into the fracture around the tip, are investigated. Sensitivity analyses are carried out for cases with slow and fast injection rates. It is shown that the results by single-phase flow may underestimate the leak-off.     

基于多分辨率半边的三维地形自适应无缝建模

"限定四叉树"法可以实现三维地形自适应无缝建模,但仍存在一些问题,如计算量大、数据冗余等。该文将多分辨率半边理论引入到三维地形建模中,提出了适合自适应地形格网存储和格网面提取的方法;设计并实现了三维地形自适应无缝建模的算法;最后,应用C语言和DirectX工具,开发了相应的可视化实验系统。与"限定四叉树"法相比,该方法不需要反复检测相邻格网的层差,且随剖分层次的增加,格网数量和渲染数据量的降低率逐渐增大,分别达13.9%和12.2%(剖分层次为7)。     

Generation and Application of A Standardized Load-Time History to Tubular T-joints in Offshore Platforms

Marine structures are mostly made of metals and always experience complex random loading during their service periods. The fatigue crack growth behaviors of metal materials have been proved from laboratory tests to be sensitive to the loading sequence encountered. In order to take account of the loading sequence effect, fatigue life prediction should be based on fatigue crack propagation (FCP) theory rather than the currently used cumulative fatigue damage (CFD) theory. A unified fatigue life prediction (UFLP) method for marine structures has been proposed by the authors’ group. In order to apply the UFLP method for newly designed structures, authorities such as the classification societies should provide a standardized load-time history (SLH) such as the TWIST and FALSTAFF sequences for transport and fighter aircraft. This paper mainly aims at proposing a procedure to generate the SLHs for marine structures based on a short-term loading sample and to provide an illustration on how to use the presented SLH to a typical tubular T-joint in an offshore platform based on the UFLP method.     

老龄半潜式钻井平台节点疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预报

通过结合常规谱疲劳分析方法和裂纹扩展分析方法,给出了一种工程实用的评价老龄平台节点裂纹扩展寿命的方法,并以某一平台为例进行了验证计算。首先,基于谱疲劳分析得到各个节点在过去30年的节点疲劳损伤,然后,对损伤接近或大于1.0的节点进行基于单一曲线模型的裂纹扩展分析,以求得该节点在目前状态下裂纹扩展寿命。结果表明,目标平台计算疲劳热点满足继续使用的要求。此外,针对不同初始裂纹尺寸时的裂纹扩展寿命计算结果表明初始裂纹尺寸对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命影响很大。     

孔隙水压力作用下砂岩裂纹扩展行为的试验研究

为研究水力耦合作用下砂岩裂纹扩展特征,开展了不同孔隙水压和围压条件的砂岩破坏试验。结果表明：有效围压相同,随着孔隙水压力增大,脆性指标数增大,起裂应力、损伤应力和峰值应力都变小;裂纹初始体积应变变小,裂纹扩展体积应变先减小后增大,损伤应力与峰值应力对应的裂纹轴向应变扩展速率、裂纹环向应变扩展速率增加,裂纹体积应变扩展速率与孔隙水压力关系不明显。孔隙水压力相同,随着有效围压增加,起裂应力、损伤应力和峰值应力增大。起裂应力、损伤应力、峰值应力对应的裂纹轴向应变扩展速率、裂纹环向应变扩展速率和裂纹体积应变扩展速率增大。同一块砂岩特征应力点的裂纹应变扩展速率比较,裂纹轴向应变扩展速率最大,裂纹环向应变扩展速率次之,裂纹体积应变扩展速率最小。     

热处理砂岩不同接触角巴西劈裂数值模拟研究

基于颗粒流程序（particle flow code,PFC）,对不同接触角（2a = 6º～30º）条件下25～1 000 ℃砂岩进行巴西劈裂模拟试验,研究其应力分布和破裂模式,并将巴西劈裂与直接拉伸进行对比。研究表明：（1）巴西劈裂中,面接触加载可以降低端部效应,加载过程中首先在圆盘中部产生拉裂纹,随着荷载的升高,拉裂纹汇集、扩展、贯通。（2）平板点接触巴西劈裂测得的抗拉强度小于直接拉伸强度,其抗拉强度计算公式的修正系数k随温度T的升高线性减小,满足k = −3.303×10⁻⁴T+1.468。随着接触角的增大,不同温度处理后巴西圆盘的抗拉强度均呈现出增大的趋势。（3）在2a≥18º时,巴西圆盘可以保证中心起裂;2a = 18º～24º时,圆盘在不同温度下破裂模式稳定;在接触角过大（2a = 30º）时,圆盘在较低温度（≤600 ℃）下会形成倾斜裂纹。（4）结合修正系数和破裂模式分析,推荐接触角为18º～24º时,修正系数在0.802 6～ 0.856 0之间,可以保证所有温度试样中心起裂且破裂模式稳定。     

赫兹破裂：一种被忽视的构造

赫兹破裂在工程和材料领域一直备受关注,但其在地质学领域的应用还很少,远未像里德尔破裂那样熟知。从微观尺度到露头尺度,从板块尺度到行星尺度,赫兹破裂在自然界都广泛存在。赫兹破裂作为一种点接触破裂区别于常见的里德尔剪切破裂。它们均是自然界中特殊而又普遍发育的破裂形式,代表了不同的边界和应力条件。典型的赫兹破裂属于弹性变形范畴,由于点接触而在三维空间中形成特征的锥形破裂,在平面上则表现为放射状及环状破裂。在剖面上锥形破裂一般会出现一定角度的拐折,下段破裂与接触面的角度变大,是锥形破裂的典型特征之一。在地质学领域,赫兹破裂有着重要的指示意义,可以表征物质的韧性（toughness）、解释环状和放射状构造、解释锥状以及弧形破裂成因与样式、判断冰川以及断层的运动学特征、区分不同破裂机制形成的新月形构造等,也可以应用于恢复沉积环境以及判断成岩过程中或者构造变形过程中的古应力及其方向。板块碰撞过程中,在特定环境下也可形成赫兹破裂,因此该类型破裂将会有助于我们理解一些断层的成因、发展以及大陆的变形,同时为类地行星（卫星）表层的构造提供解释方案。     

含砂岩石力学特性及其致灾机制研究

含砂岩石是发生突水溃砂灾害前在高位关键层形成的特殊岩石,其强度与力学性质均与普通岩石不同,决定着高位关键层的稳定性。研究发现：不同裂隙角的裂隙岩石与含砂岩石具有不同的特征应力,且随着裂隙角的增加,裂隙岩石与含砂岩石的起裂应力、损伤应力和峰值应力均增加,双峰应力先增加后减小。相同裂隙角下的含砂岩石各特征应力均小于裂隙岩石,说明砂体对岩石特征应力具有弱化效应。从破坏形态来看,裂隙岩石易呈现翼形拉伸裂隙,含砂岩石在低裂隙角（30°）条件下形成拉伸裂隙,高裂隙角（60°）条件下易形成剪切裂隙,表明砂体进入岩石裂隙后对岩石具有剪切效应。同时建立了充砂力学模型,指出了含砂岩石强度小于裂隙岩石的原因是砂体降低了岩石的摩擦系数。根据声发射累计振铃计数定义了岩石损伤量并分析了含砂岩石致灾机制,现场溃砂灾害可分为4个阶段：弹性变形阶段、裂隙扩展阶段、蓄砂储能阶段、溃砂释能阶段。最后利用PFC2D验证了裂隙岩石与含砂岩石的差异性,分析了不同类型岩石的能量演化规律。研究结果可作为煤矿顶板突水溃砂现象的前兆信息识别,有助于指导突水溃砂工作面的安全生产。     

Modeling of dynamic cohesive fracture propagation in porous saturated media

In this paper, a mathematical model is presented for the analysis of dynamic fracture propagation in the saturated porous media. The solid behavior incorporates a discrete cohesive fracture model, coupled with the flow in porous media through the fracture network. The double‐nodded zero‐thickness cohesive interface element is employed for the mixed mode fracture behavior in tension and contact behavior in compression. The crack is automatically detected and propagated perpendicular to the maximum effective stress. The spatial discretization is continuously updated during the crack propagation. Numerical examples from the hydraulic fracturing test and the concrete gravity dam show the capability of the model to simulate dynamic fracture propagation. The comparison is performed between the quasi‐static and fully dynamic solutions, and the performance of two analyses is investigated on the values of crack length and crack mouth opening. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.